Basic concepts of neurotransmission

An understanding of synaptic neurotransmission is fundamental to the understanding of various neuropsychiatric symptoms and disorders. It is also essential to the discovery of pharmacologic agents that modulate neurotransmission to alleviate such symptoms and conditions. Various aspects of the process of neurotransmission and the synthesis, release, reuptake, or destruction are all potential events for action of therapeutic drugs. This article reviews the basic aspects of relevant neuroanatomy, neurotransmission, and major neurotransmitter systems.     

大鼠耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞GABAA受体α2 mRNA的表达及意义

目的 研究大鼠耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞中γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutytric acid,GABA)A受体α2 mRNA的表达并探讨其意义。方法采用大鼠耳蜗石蜡切片,地高辛标记的GABAα2 cDNA探针(549个碱基),抗地高辛的碱性磷酸酶检测系统,碱性磷酸酶显色剂,原位杂交检测大鼠耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞中GABAAα2 mRNA受体的表达。结果大鼠耳蜗中螺旋神经节细胞及其纤维均显示阳性杂交信号,表达GABAAα2受体mRNA。骨螺旋板等其他结构不表达。作为阳性组织对照的小脑蒲肯野氏细胞和颗粒细胞的胞体及轴突表达GABAAα2受体。嗅上皮雌激素受体cDNA探针阴性对照、无探针空白对照及无地高辛抗体对照的耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞及小脑组织均不表达GABAAα2受体。结论GABAAα2受体位于听觉传导通路的第一级神经元——所有的Ⅰ型螺旋神经节细胞及其纤维,强烈支持GABA作为其递质,实现其抑制内毛细胞传入过度刺激的作用。     

电针联合音乐疗法对轻中度阿尔茨海默病患者认知功能和日常生活活动能力的影响

目的:研究电针联合音乐疗法对轻中度阿尔茨海默病患者认知功能和日常生活活动能力的影响。方法:选取2015年1月至2017年8月张家口市第一医院收治的轻、中度阿尔茨海默症患者120例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法随机分为对照组和观察组,每组60例。比较患者治疗前后临床治疗有效率、认知功能、生活自理能力、行为和精神症状及生命质量,并通过胆碱能系统和单胺系统评价患者神经递质改善情况。结果:治疗后,对照组和观察组的治疗有效率分别为81.67%和91.67%。治疗后,2组患者MMSE、MoCA、ADL、BEHAVE-AD和SF-36评分均显著高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且观察组患者上述指标均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组患者的乙酰胆碱水平、胆碱乙酰化酶活性、去甲肾上腺素水平、5-羟色胺水平和多巴胺受体均高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且观察组的上述指标均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:电针联合音乐疗法治疗轻中度阿尔茨海默病,可有效地改善患者的认知能力和日常生活活动能力。     

Establishment of the normal reference range of neurotransmitters in Han - nationality children aged 3-12 in Hubei province北大核心CSCD

Objective To establish the normal reference range of neurotransmitters in Han - nationality children aged 3-12 in Hubei province. Methods A prospective study was conducted on healthy Han - nationality children aged 3-12 who took physical examination in Wuhan Children's Hospital, Hubei province from January to August 2021. The children were asked for their medical histories, and those with neurological diseases, psychiatric diseases, infection, trauma, and a drug history in the past 2 weeks were excluded. The plasma of 324 children (262 males, 62 females;217 cases in the 3-7 years old, 107 cases in the 8-12 years old) and urine of 391 children (302 males, 89 females;266 cases in the 3-7 years old, 125 cases in the 8-12 years old) were collected. They ultra performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry multiple techniques (UPLC - MS/MS) were used to detect 10 kinds of neurotransmitters (e. g., dopamine, epinephrine, glutamic acid, etc.) in plasma and 8 kinds of neurotransmitters (e. g., dopamine, epinephrine, 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid, etc.) in random urine. The normal reference range of neurotransmitters in Han - nationality children aged 3-12 in Hubei province was established. The Kruskal - Wallis H test was made for statistical analysis of the differences in neurotransmitter levels among different age groups and gender groups. The neurotransmitter levels between different groups were compared by the Nemenyi test. Results There were no significant differences in the levels of various neurotransmitters in children of different genders(all P > 0. 05). There were significant differences in the levels of dopamine, methoxy - norepinephrine, tryptophan and γ - aminobutyric acid in the plasma of children aged 3-7 years and 8-12 years. There were significant differences in the levels of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, methoxy - norepinephrine, high vanillic acid and 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the random urine between the 3-7 years old group and the 8-12 years old group. Conclusions The normal reference range of neurotransmitters in Han - nationality children aged 3-12 in Hubei province is established. This study provides reference for clinical practice and lays a foundation for the study of neurotransmitter - related diseases in children. © 2022 Chinese Journal of Applied Clinical Pediatrics. All rights reserved.     

至宝三鞭丸对腺嘌呤诱导的肾阳虚证大鼠模型的改善作用研究

目的：以腺嘌呤诱导大鼠肾阳虚证模型为研究对象，观察至宝三鞭丸对肾阳虚证大鼠的改善作用。方法：选取SD大鼠，在末次给药2 h后，测定各组大鼠体质量，检测大鼠睾丸系数、附睾系数、精囊腺系数等；显微观察大鼠精子数目，形态和活力；酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELISA)测定血清中雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)、促卵泡素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、多巴胺（DA）、5-羟色胺（5-HT）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）水平；苏木精-伊红(HE)染色法观察肾脏、睾丸和附睾组织病理形态变化；Masson染色法观察肾脏组织的纤维化水平。结果：与正常组比较，至宝三鞭组大鼠肾阳虚症状改善，大鼠体质量、睾丸系数、附睾系数，精囊腺系数增加；大鼠精子数目增多；精子畸形率降低，精子活力增强；肾脏、睾丸、附睾等生殖器官的病理改变减少；肾脏的纤维化水平降低；并且至宝三鞭丸能够使E2、FSH、LH、DA、NE和5-HT等含量降低；同时还能够使T含量升高。结论：至宝三鞭丸可基于对下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的调控改善腺嘌呤致肾阳虚证模型大鼠的肾阳虚症状，呈现出良好的补肾助阳功效。     

针刺联合舍曲林治疗肝豆状核变性相关抑郁障碍临床研究

目的:评价针刺联合舍曲林治疗肝豆状核变性相关郁障碍的临床疗效。方法:将60例肝豆状核变性相关抑郁障碍患者随机分成对照组与观察组各30例，每组均接受基础排铜治疗，对照组服用舍曲林片，观察组在对照组的基础上给予针刺治疗，隔日1次，连续治疗28 d。观察两组患者治疗前及治疗14、28 d后汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分；观察患者治疗前后的血清5-羟色胺(5-HT)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)以及神经细胞因子脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)和神经生长因子(NGF)水平变化。结果:观察组在治疗14 d后HAMD评分较对照组明显降低，在治疗后SDS评分较对照组明显降低，血清5-HT、NE、DA水平较对照组上升更为明显(P<0.05);对照组、观察组血清BDNF和NGF水平均升高(P<0.05),观察组患者血清BDNF和NGF水平较对照组升高明显(P<0.05)。对照组不良反应发生率为33.33%,观察组为13.33%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:针刺联合舍曲林片治疗可提高肝豆状核变性相关抑郁障碍患者的临床疗效，且降低临床不良反...     

灼口综合征患者的心理健康状况及其单胺类神经递质研究

目的　从与痛觉联系紧密的心理因素和单胺类神经递质方面对灼口综合征患者进行测定和分析。方法　灼口综合征 (BMS)组选择初诊患者 30例 ,其中男性 4例 ,女性 2 6例。对照组为 30例年龄、性别相似的健康人。采用艾森克个性问卷量表 (EPQ)对受试者进行个性测定 ,并将 L 值 (谎言值 ) >5 0分者排除。采用修订的临床症状自评量表 (SCL- 90 )检测受试者的情绪状况。在晨 9时平和状态下抽空腹静脉血 2 ml,用高效液相色谱 -电化学检测法测定血浆中肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素浓度。结果　 BMS组 P值 (精神质 )、N值 (神经质 )分高于对照组(P<0 .0 5 ) ,E值 (内外相 )低于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,两组间个性类型分布具有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 5 )。BMS组以内向不稳定型为主 ,对照组以外向稳定型为主。BMS组有强迫、忧郁、人际关系敏感度、焦虑等 9个因子分值高于对照组(P<0 .0 5 ) ,存在明显的情绪障碍。BMS女性患者血浆去甲肾上腺素水平高于对照组 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　 BMS患者的个性特征提高了机体对各种不良刺激的反应性 ,明显的情绪障碍可导致中枢神经系统和交感神经功能的失调 ,这可能与 BMS的发生有内在的联系。     

晚睡影响心血管疾病风险因素的相关性研究进展

心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)是导致全球死亡率升高的最大单一因素,其被列为全球重大健康问题。其中载脂蛋白A-I(Apolipoprotein A-I,apo A-I)、载脂蛋白B(Apoprotein B,Apo B)以及Apo B/Apo A-I是CVD的有效预测指标。 在引起CVD的众多原因中,就寝时间是不容忽视的风险因素,长期晚睡易引发失眠、昼夜节律紊乱等一系列睡眠问题,进而通过影响神经递质水平、引发全身慢性炎症反应、影响脂肪酸代谢和血压调节等机制最终促使CVD的发生和发展。因此养成规律、健康的就寝时间对预防CVD至关重要。     

Fast neurotransmitter identity of MCH neurons: Do contents depend on context?

Hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons participate in many fundamental neuroendocrine processes. While some of their effects can be attributed to MCH itself, others appear to depend on co-released neurotransmitters. Historically, the subject of fast neurotransmitter co-release from MCH neurons has been contentious, with data to support MCH neurons releasing GABA, glutamate, both, and neither. Rather than assuming a position in that debate, this review considers the evidence for all sides and presents an alternative explanation: neurochemical identity, including classical neurotransmitter content, is subject to change. With an emphasis on the variability of experimental details, we posit that MCH neurons may release GABA and/or glutamate at different points according to environmental and contextual factors. Through the lens of the MCH system, we offer evidence that the field of neuroendocrinology would benefit from a more nuanced and dynamic interpretation of neurotransmitter identity.