Contractile activity of neonatal heart cells in culture derived from offspring of exercised pregnant rats

Summary 5-day-old neonatal offspring of exercised or non-exercised pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were used to prepare primary cultures of beating myocardial cells. The cells from the exercise group exhibited a slower beating rate for both single and aggregate cells; a larger cell size; an increased percentage of contracting cells; a greater capacity to form confluent monolayers, and a greater viability. It was concluded that exercise during the period of pregnancy produced morphological alterations in the myocardium of the progeny.     

高校学生朋友心理辅导员培训内容与方法研究

目的 学生朋友心理辅导员是高校学生心理健康教育网络系统的重要组成部分。如何在较短的时间里，经过比较系统的培训，让普通的大学生成长为合格的学生朋友心理辅导员并承担起为同学进行心理护理的义务，是构建高校学生心理健康教育网络系统的关健。方法 明确培训目标和担任工作职能，培训内容科学，知识构成合理，培训方法灵活，进行培训前测与后测和培训效果评估，注重实践锻炼和心理督导。结果 培训结业的学员在各方面有比较真显著变化，心态明显改变，知识明显提高、助人技巧明显增强、人际交往明显改善，总体上呈现出积极、友爱、乐观、向上的精神面貌。结论 在高校能够培训出合格的学生朋友心理辅导员，并成为高校学生心理健康教育网络的重要力量。     

军校研究生自我效能感和主观幸福感的关系研究

目的探讨军校研究生自我效能感与主观幸福感之间的关系。方法采用幸福感指数量表和自我效能感问卷对281名军校研究生进行调查。结果①军校研究生的自我效能感与正性情感、负性情感和总体幸福感存在显著的相关关系，与生活满意度相关不显著；②高自我效能感和低自我效能感组在正性情感、负性情感和总体幸福感上均存在着显著的差异；③自我效能感分别进入正性情感、负性情感和总体幸福感的回归方程，对其均有较好的预测作用，其中对正，巨情感的预测更佳。结论军校研究生的自我效能感与正性情感、负性情感和总体幸福感存在显著的相关关系，对其有较好的预测作用，其中自我效能感与正性情感成分联系更为密切，预测作用更佳。     

有氧及无氧训练对血浆电解质及微量元素的影响

目的　探讨中长跑有氧与无氧训练对血浆电解质及部分微量元素的影响 .方法　上海市及上海体院田径队中长跑运动员 ,根据个人运动专长 ,安排相应专项训练 ;12名进行有氧训练 ,14名进行无氧训练 ,分别在训练前及运动后即刻抽静脉血 ,检测血乳酸等电解质及微量元素铁、铜的水平 .结果　①两组训练后 ,血乳酸、Na、Cl及无机磷(P)水平均显著升高 (p <0 .0 1) ;无氧组训练后 ,血清总钙 (Ca)及血清铁 (Fe)水平均显著升高 (p <0 .0 1) .②两组训练后 ,Cu水平显著下降 (p <0 .0 1,下降幅度均达 35 %以上 ) ;无氧组训练后 ,K水平有下降趋势 (p =0 .0 6 ) .③有氧组训练后 ,乳酸升高与K水平呈显著相关 ((r=- 0 .6 73,p <0 .0 5 ) ;无氧组训练后 ,乳酸升高与Mg水平显著相关 (r=0 .5 5 1,p<0 .0 5 ) ,与Na水平呈极显著相关 (r=0 .731,p <0 .0 1) .结论　①有氧、无氧训练对电解质及微量元素水平的影响明显不同 .②无氧训练较有氧训练更需注意运动后电解质紊乱 ,尤需注意运动后血钙水平的升高及血钾水平的下降 .     

ACE Genotype May Have an Effect on Single versus Multiple Set Preferences in Strength Training

A polymorphic variant of the human angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene was identified. The 'D' (rather than 'I') variant was associated with improvements in strength related to physical training. We set out to determine whether the response to different patterns of strength training might also differ. Ninty-nine Caucasian male non-elite athletes were randomly allocated into one of three groups: 31 non-training/control (CG: 31), single-set (SSG: 35) and multiple-set (MSG: 33). SSG and MSG trained three times a week for 6 weeks. Both training groups were underwent a strength-training program with two mesocycles (12-15 repetition maximum (RM) and 8-12 RM mesocycles). One RM loads in half squat and bench press were assessed before training and after the first and second mesocycles. ACE polymorphisms analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Subjects with ACE II genotype in the MST group had improved strength development in 12-15 RM, while SST and MST groups had similar gains in 8-12 RM. Subjects with ACE DD genotype in both the SSG and the MSG had similar benefits from both 12-15 RM and 8-12 RM. Strength gains for subjects with ACE ID genotype in the SSG were similar to MSG gains in response to 8-12 RM loads but not with 12-15 RM loads. Additionally, subjects with DD genotype had superior strength gains in both strength training groups. Tailoring strength training programmes (single-set vs. multiple set) according to the athlete's ACE genotype may be advantageous.     

人际交往训练降低医学生心理应激反应的实验研究

目的　探讨人际交往训练降低医学生心理应激反应的有效模式 ,以培养交往手段 ,促进身心健康 ,提高学习效率。方法　从云南中医学院中医专业 2 0 0 0级 8个班 ,41 2名学生中随机抽取 2个班 ,共 1 0 6人为被试对象 ,结合专业学习 ,在生理学课堂教学中贯穿人际交往训练 ,训练前后分别测查 90项症状自评量表 ( SCL-90 )和防御方式问卷 ( DSQ) ,并用 Q分类法检验被试课前和课后自我评价。最后 ,对被试和其余 6个班的学生进行生理测验 ,并对测验成绩进行比较。结果　被试在交友信心、乐观豁达、口头表达、积极接纳、说服技巧方面均比训练前有显著和极显著提高 ;且考前心理应激反应明显降低 ,防御方式趋向成熟 ,测验及格率高于其余 6个班。结论　结合专业进行人际交往训练可在近期内改善医学生的心理健康水平 ,有利于提高学习效率 ,深受大学生欢迎     

Learning,habituation, and training

Summary The apparent efficiency of sub-maximum exercise tends to be lower in subjects with a large aerobic power. This is probably an artefact arising from neglect of the oxygen debt in the calculation of mechanical efficiency. Changes in the extent of oxygen debt can obscure an increased skill of performance with training. Efficiency is improved by repetition of a given mode of exercise, but not by other forms of training. Habituation is greater during work than at rest, but even during work the change in pulse rate of young men does not exceed 2–5 beats/min over 5 experimental days. Habituation is lost if the test procedure is not repeated during training; this can complicate assessments of training from the response to sub-maximum exercise.     

Effects of concurrent inspiratory and expiratory muscle training on respiratory and exercise performance in competitive swimmers

The efficiency of the respiratory system presents significant limitations on the bodys ability to perform exercise due to the effects of the increased work of breathing, respiratory muscle fatigue, and dyspnoea. Respiratory muscle training is an intervention that may be able to address these limitations, but the impact of respiratory muscle training on exercise performance remains controversial. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the effects of a 12-week (10 sessions week^–1) concurrent inspiratory and expiratory muscle training (CRMT) program in 34 adolescent competitive swimmers. The CRMT program consisted of 6 weeks during which the experimental group (E, n=17) performed CRMT and the sham group (S, n=17) performed sham CRMT, followed by 6 weeks when the E and S groups performed CRMT of differing intensities. CRMT training resulted in a significant improvement in forced inspiratory volume in 1 s (FIV_1.0) (P=0.050) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV_1.0) (P=0.045) in the E group, which exceeded the S groups results. Significant improvements in pulmonary function, breathing power, and chemoreflex ventilation threshold were observed in both groups, and there was a trend toward an improvement in swimming critical speed after 12 weeks of training (P=0.08). We concluded that although swim training results in attenuation of the ventilatory response to hypercapnia and in improvements in pulmonary function and sustainable breathing power, supplemental respiratory muscle training has no additional effect except on dynamic pulmonary function variables.     

Serum hormones in male strength athletes during intensive short term strength training

Summary Training-induced adaptations in the endocrine system and strength development were investigated in nine male strength athletes during two separate 3-week intensive strength training periods. The overall amount of training in the periods was maintained at the same level. In both cases the training in the first 2 weeks was very intensive: this was followed by a 3rd week when the overall amount of training was greatly decreased. The two training periods differed only in that training period I included one daily session, while during the first 2 weeks of period II the same amount of training was divided between two daily sessions. In general, only slight and statistically insignificant changes occurred during training period I in mean concentrations of serum hormones examined or sex hormone-binding globulin as well as in maximal isometric leg extensor force. However, during training period II after 2 weeks of intensive strength training a significant decrease (P<0.05) was observed in serum free testosterone concentration [from 98.4 (SD 24.5) to 83.8 (SD 14.7) pmol · l^–1] during the subsequent week of reduced training. No change in the concentration of total testosterone was observed. This training phase was also accompanied by significant increases (P<0.05) in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and cortisol concentrations. After 2 successive days of rest serum free testosterone and LH returned to (P<0.05) their basal concentrations. Training period II led also to a significant increase (P<0.05) [from 3942 (SD 767) to 4151 (SD 926) N] in maximal force. These findings suggest that in male strength athletes dividing the amount of training into smaller units may create more effective training stimuli leading to further strength development.     

医防融合背景下基层卫生技术人员的培训现状和相关知识需求调查

目的 调查5省基层卫生技术人员医防融合相关培训状况以及相关知识能力的需求状况,为完善我国基层医防融合建设,提高基层卫生服务机构防病治病能力提供参考建议。方法 对五个省15个区县的乡镇卫生院和社区卫生服务中心（站）的卫生技术人员进行分层抽样问卷调查,对调查数据进行描述并对各种医防融合相关知识能力需求进行单因素χ²检验和多因素logistic分析。结果 76.0%的基层卫生技术人员近一年参加过培训,乡镇卫生院卫生技术人员培训参与率（73.2%）低于社区卫生服务中心（站）（84.3%）（χ²= 83.812,P＜0.001）,不同特征基层卫生技术人员培训参与率不同（P＜0.01）。各类培训参与率均低于相关知识技能的需求率,公共卫生相关知识技能的需求率最高。χ²检验和多因素logistic分析显示不同特征基层卫生技术人员对各类知识技能的需求率不同:相对于社区卫生服务中心（站）,乡镇卫生院人员对传染病防控技能（OR = 0.756,95%CI:0.666～0.858）和一般病与常见病诊疗技能（OR = 0.860,95%CI:0.762～0.971）的需求程度更高;临床医疗岗位人员对传染病防控技能及一般病与常见病诊疗技能、的需求程度更高（P＜0.001）;年轻人员对慢病管理与病因监测技能的需求更高（OR = 0.937,95%CI:0.885～0.992）;公共卫生岗位人员（OR = 1.346,95%CI:1.114～1.626）和专职管理岗位人员（OR = 2.334,95%CI:1.707～3.191）对信息化技能的需求程度更高。结论 应以需求为导向,加强基层卫生技术人员的培训强度,提升培训内容和知识技能需求的匹配程度,建立完善医防交叉培训机制和医防能力兼备的复合型人才培养供给体系。