Effects of a gastro-secretory substance from hog pancreas (GSP) and gastrin on bile secretion of the rat

Summary The effect of GSP, a gastrosecretagogue fraction extracted from hog pancreas, on bile secretion has been studied in rats provided with a bile duct canula and compared with the effect of antral gastrin. GSP showed no effect on bile secretion, concentration and output of bilirubin and electrolytes in the bile. On the other hand gastrin is significantly increasing bile output, bilirubin concentration and output in the bile. No effect of gastrin on the excretion rate of sodium and potassium in the bile has been observed.With the assistance of the Österreichischer Forschungsfonds, project Nr. 1505.Presented in parts at the 6th Symposium of the European Pancreatic Club in Göteborg, 1973.     

大肠癌患者血清及癌组织中胃泌素水平测定的临床意义

放免法测定４３例行大肠癌根治术患者空腹血清、癌组织及癌旁粘膜中胃泌素水平。结果：大肠癌患者空腹血清胃泌素水平明显高于正常血对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；根治术后却明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），且与血对照组比无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。高分化腺癌组血清胃泌素水平变化明显；癌组织及癌旁粘膜中胃泌素水平均高于正常大肠粘膜（Ｐ＜０．０５）。本结果提示：胃泌素对大肠癌的生长可能有调控作用，测定血清及癌组织中胃泌素水平有助于了解大肠癌的生物学特性及指导对大肠癌的激素治疗     

Actions of tetragastrin on smooth muscles of human stomach

Effects of tetragastrin on the circular muscle of the corpus region on the human stomach were investigated by microelectrode recordings, the double sucrose-gap technique and tension recordings. Tetragastrin enhanced the amplitude of spontaneous contractions in a dose dependent fashion while a high concentration (>10^–8 g/ml) evoked contracture. The threshold concentration required for enhancement of contraction ranged from 10^–14 to 10^–12 g/ml, and the maximum response was observed with a concentration of 10^–8 g/ml. In 10^–13 to 10^–10 g/ml tetragastrin, the falling phase of the slow wave was prolonged into a plateau phase, and in 10^–10 to 10^–8 g/ml tetragastrin, there was a transient depolarization of the membrane. The membrane depolarization and enhanced amplitude of contraction induced by tetragastrin was partially blocked by application of TTX (10^–7 g/ml) or atropine (10^–6 g/ml). The plateau of the slow wave remained unaffected. These results indicate that the depolarizing action of tetragastrin on the membrane was partially mediated via cholinergic neurons, and that the plateau formation may be due to a direct action on the smooth muscle cell membrane. The effects of tetragastrin on the membrane depolarization and plateau potential were closely related to [Na]₀ and [Ca]₀, respectively. The prolonged plateau potential of the slow wave resulted in an increase in the amplitude of contractions. Secretin (10^–2 to 10^–1 U/ml) suppressed the generation of the slow wave with little change in the membrane potential, and partially reduced the depolarization, the wave frequency and the plateau phase when these had been increased by pretreatment with tetragastrin (10^–8 g/ml).     

Trennung von Gastrin und Acetylcholin als Reiz für die Säure- und Pepsin-Sekretion bei Katzen

Zusammenfassung 1. Die Wirkung des gastrin-analogen Tetrapeptidamids Try.Met.Asp.Phe-NH₂ und von elektrischen Vagusreizen auf die Magensekretion von anaesthesierten Katzen mit einer Magenfistel wurde untersucht.2. Das Tetrapeptid verursachte in Dosen von 0,1–3,2 g/min i.v. nur eine Sekretion von pepsinarmem Magensaft.3. Auf elektrischen Vagusreiz wurden große Mengen Magensaft und Pepsin sezerniert.4. Bei den Katzen mit gekreuztem Kreislauf wurden mit dem Magensaft der gereizten Tiere große Mengen Pepsin ausgeschieden, während der Magensaft der nicht gereizten Tiere nur geringe Mengen Pepsin enthielt.5. Aus den Versuchen wurde geschlossen, daß durch Vagusreizung Gastrin freigesetzt wird, welches als zirkulierendes Hormon die Säuresekretion stimuliert, und daß die Pepsin-Sekretion durch das bei Vagusreizung freigesetzte Acetylcholin verursacht wird.Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

An immunohistochemical analysis of the ontogeny, distribution and coexistence of 12 regulatory peptides and serotonin in endocrine cells and nerve fibers of the digestive tract of the turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (Teleostei)

 The ontogeny of endocrine cells and nerve fibers containing immunoreactivities for 12 regulatory peptides and serotonin was studied in the digestive tract of a flatfish, the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), using antisera specific for mammalian and teleostean hormones. Transient insulin-immunoreactive (-IR) endocrine cells were detected from day 5 to day 10 in stomach and intestine I. Somatostatin (SOM)-IR cells appeared at day 8 in the stomach anlage and intestine I. In contrast to the islet cells, they reacted with antisera against mammalian (m) SOM-14 and salmon (s) SOM-25. Infrequent nerve fibers reacting only with anti-mSOM-14 appeared around day 24. Thus, different forms of SOM seem to be present in the gastro-entero-pancreatic system and the enteric nervous system. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, salmon pancreatic polypeptide (sPP)- and mPP-immunoreactivities coexisted thoughout development. In entero-endocrine cells, NPY/PP-immunoreactivity was first observed at day 8 and around day 24 in enteric nerve fibers. Glucagon (GLUC)-IR entero-endocrine cells appeared at day 5. No coexistence of NPY/PP- and GLUC-immunoreactivities was observed. The first insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)-IR cells were identified around day 8. They seemed to contain none of the other peptides. Their number and distribution exhibited great interindividual differences. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-IR entero-endocrine cells appeared as late as around day 24. The first VIP-IR nerve fibers, however, were identified at day 5. Infrequent neurotensin (NT)-IR cells appeared along the intestine around day 10 and NT-IR nerve fibers at day 17. The first serotonin (SER)-IR cells were observed in the stomach anlage around day 10 and SER-IR nerve fibers at day 15 thoughout the gastro-intestinal tract. Gastrin (GAS)/cholecystokinin (CCK)-IR cells appeared around day 11 in stomach and intestine I. The first substance P (SP)-IR enteric nerve fibers were detected around day 8 and SP-IR endocrine cells at day 11. Pancreastatin (PST)-IR cells were identified in the stomach anlage and intestine I around day 8 and contained NT-, GAS/CCK- and SER-immunoreactivities in coexistence. Thus, several developmental phases can be distinguished: (1) at the onset of exogenous feeding only transient INS-IR cells and VIP-IR nerve fibers are present; (2) a differentiated entero-endocrine system establishes during the early phase of exogenous feeding; (3) before the final differentiation of stomach and gut GAS/CCK-IR cells appear; (4) after metamorphosis most of the different types of regulatory peptide-containing nerve fibers develop, probably setting up the fine regulation of gastro-intestinal blood flow and motility. Accepted: 24 June 1996     

Push-pull perfusion reveals meal-dependent changes in the release of bombesin-like peptides in the rat paraventricular nucleus

Bombesin (BN)-like peptides have been implicated in the regulation of ingestive behavior. The main objective of the present study was to monitor the dynamics of central BN-like peptide release in relationship to spontaneous meal ingestion and termination. Peptide level fluctuations were determined using in vivo push-pull perfusion of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and off PVN sites, combined with ex vivo radioimmunoassay. Analysis across all meals revealed significant differences between preprandial, prandial and postprandial extracellular BN-like immunoreactivity (BLI) at the anterior aspect of the PVN, with about a 3-fold diminution during a meal as compared to before or after a meal. Meal-related fluctuations were not detected at more distal hypothalamic sites or at sites within the caudate nucleus. When the analysis was restricted exclusively to the first meal after dark onset, a similar pattern of change in the interstitial levels of PVN BLI was generally observed; levels being higher preprandially as compared to the prandially (albeit by a smaller magnitude), and the termination of the first meal being accompanied by a robust (about 3-fold) increase in BLI. This is the first demonstration of site specific in vivo release of BN-like peptides in relation to feeding status and it further supports the physiological role of this family of peptides in the regulation of food intake.     

Evidence for CCKB receptors in the guinea-pig kidney: localization and characterization by [125I]gastrin binding studies and by RT-PCR

Two types of receptors for gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) have been identified in the gastrointestinal tract and in the central nervous system: CCK_A and CCK_B receptors. Here we report evidence for the expression of CCK_B receptors in the guinea-pig kidney. Specific binding sites for [¹²⁵I]gastrin were detected in sections of the guinea-pig kidney: Binding was saturable, pH-, temperature- and time-dependent, and specific for gastrin-related peptides. The potencies for inhibition of binding of [¹²⁵I]gastrin were CCK-8 > gastrin 17-I > CCK_B receptor antagonist L-365,260 > des(SO₃)CCK-8 > CCK_A receptor antagonist L-364,718. Autoradiography demonstrated specific [¹²⁵I]gastrin binding to medullary collecting ducts and to a much lesser extent to glomeruli, but not over other structures. CCK_B receptor cDNA fragments were amplified by RT-PCR from total kidney, isolated tubuli and from tissues known to express CCK_B receptors such as stomach and brain. The kidney might therefore be a previously unidentified site of action for gastrin and cholecystokinin-related peptides. Received: 11 March 1998 / Accepted: 12 June 1998     

急性腹泻病儿血清胃泌素变化

本文报告４８例急性腹泻病儿血清胃泌素测定，并与正常小儿对比。结果发现腹泻组血清胃泌素显著高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１），腹泻患儿存在高胃泌素血症。     

Gastrin related peptide effects in lateral hypothalamus depend on food deprivation

Gastrin related peptides (PG) affected neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LHA) differently in food deprived than in non-deprived rats. Electroosmosis and intravenous (IV) results agreed. Gastric acid secretion was also measured. Neural responses to PG were: transiently increased discharge rate followed by desensitization occurred equally in deprived and non-deprived rats; dose related decrease in discharge rate occurred significantly more often in non-deprived than in deprived rats. Observed LHA changes and gastric acid secretion occurred pari passu. It was concluded that PG could contribute to LHA control of feeding behavior. It was not determined whether the effects attributed to systemic injection and those attributed to electroosmotic application both had the same origin. The significant differences which were observed could have been either different reactions by one neuron type, or responses of different neuron types.     

极低出生体重儿血胃泌素和胃动素水平动态研究

目的探讨极低出生体重儿生后1周内血胃泌素(GAS)和胃动素(MOT)水平的动态变化。方法用放射免疫法分别测定20例极低出生体重儿(体重<1500 g)、20例低出生体重儿(体重1500～2500 g)生后12 h、24 h、72 h和7天的血GAS、MOT水平,将15例健康足月儿(体重>2500 g)作对照组。结果 (1)极低出生体重儿组生后12 h、24 h、72 h和7天GAS、MOT水平均明显低于对照组(P<0.01);MOT水平低于低出生体重儿组(P<0.01或P<0.05),GAS水平与低出生体重儿组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)各组生后72 h内血GAS、MOT水平变化不明显,对照组和低出生体重儿组7天时明显高于72 h(P<0.01),极低出生体重儿组MOT 7天时高于72 h(P<0.05),GAS水平变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(3)≤33周组各时间点GAS、MOT水平均低于≥37周组(P<0.01)。结论 GAS、MOT水平与新生儿体重、胎龄密切相关。极低出生体重儿生后1周内消化功能低下,GAS、MOT水平先降后升,但变化幅度没有低出生体重儿和足月儿明显,提示功能追赶需要更长时间,临床应选择合适的喂养时机和方式。