呈带状损害的嗜酸性蜂窝织炎1例

患者男,62岁。左背部出现带状皮疹3月余。皮肤科情况:左背部可见一带状斑块,质韧。外周血和骨髓的嗜酸性粒细胞增多。皮损组织病理示真皮胶原间、真皮血管和附属器周围可见致密的淋巴细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞浸润。诊断:嗜酸性蜂窝织炎。     

Fluorescence of neutrophil granulocytes as a biomarker for clozapine use

Non-adherence to medication is a major issue in the treatment of schizophrenia in general and in particular for those treated with clozapine. A reliable tool to quantify patients long-term adherence to clozapine is currently unavailable. Enhanced FL3 neutrophil granulocyte fluorescence was serendipitously observed in a small population of schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine. The present study was aimed at assessing the association between clozapine use and FL3-fluorescence.A cross-sectional study was performed using data from the Utrecht Patient Oriented Database (UPOD). A total of 38,390 inpatients were included, of which 124 (0.33%) used clozapine.FL3-fluorescence was significantly higher (U=240,179, P<0.001) in clozapine users (mean (SD)=90.5 (11.8)) than in non-users (mean (SD)=69.8 (3.3)). Observed FL3-fluorescence was found to increase with increasing clozapine dose. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.95.Our results confirm the association between use of clozapine and elevated FL3-fluorescence. Further research is needed to unravel the underlying mechanism and to investigate the true potential of FL3-fluorescence as a clozapine-adherence biomarker in clinical practice.     

A method for the preparation of imprints from the nasal mucosa

Important immunological reactions take place on the surface of mucosal membranes. Improved methods for the sampling and quantitative study of the cells taking part in these reactions are therefore desirable. We here describe a new technique for the preparation of imprints from the nasal mucosa. The method utilizes a plastic film coated with a thin layer of an albumin-glycerol mixture to improve cell adherence to the surface. The membrane is gently pressed onto a defined portion of the mucous membrane. Fixation and staining procedures are performed on the plastic film, which is then mounted on a slide and covered by a coverslip. The preparations have excellent optical properties and specific cell types can be easily studied, quantified and related to the specific area of the mucosa from which the imprint was taken.     

Inducible nitric oxide synthase is expressed in synovial fluid granulocytes

The objective of the study was to evaluate the NO-producing potential of synovial fluid (SF) cells. SF from 15 patients with arthritis was compared with blood from the same individuals and with blood from 10 healthy controls. Cellular expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was analysed by flow cytometry. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure l-arginine and l-citrulline. Nitrite and nitrate were measured colourimetrically utilizing the Griess' reaction. Compared to whole blood granulocytes in patients with chronic arthritis, a prominent iNOS expression was observed in SF granulocytes (P < 0.001). A slight, but statistically significant, increase in iNOS expression was also recorded in lymphocytes and monocytes from SF. l-arginine was elevated in SF compared to serum (257 +/- 78 versus 176 +/- 65 micro mol/l, P = 0.008), whereas a slight increase in l-citrulline (33 +/- 11 versus 26 +/- 9 micro mol/l), did not reach statistical significance. Great variations but no significant differences were observed comparing serum and SF levels of nitrite and nitrate, respectively, although the sum of nitrite and nitrate tended to be elevated in SF (19.2 +/- 20.7 versus 8.6 +/- 6.5 micro mol/l, P = 0.054). Synovial fluid leucocytes, in particular granulocytes, express iNOS and may thus contribute to intra-articular NO production in arthritis.     

Granulocytes are more sensitive than lymphocytes to changes in EA and EAC indicator cell quality

Granulocytes were more sensitive to age variation of EAC3b indicator cells than lymphocytes, and showed a significant decrease in rosette formation with EAC3b indicator cells more than 2 weeks old; whereas lymphocytes showed unchanged EAC3b rosette formation with indicator cells up to 4 weeks old. EAIgG rosette formation by granulocytes was less affected by the age of the indicator cells than by their degree of sensitization, with a 25% loss of rosettes after 1 dilution of the sensitizing antibody. Thus optimal sensitization is essential for granulocyte EAIgG rosette formation, and relatively fresh indicator cells for EAC3b rosette formation. Hemolysis of contaminating erythrocytes did not influence EAIgG or EAC3b rosette formation.     

Outer membrane vesicles from Neisseria meningitidis

Flow cytometry was used to study the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD14, and CD62L (L-selectin) and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in an ex vivo human whole-blood system stimulated with lipopolysaccharide-containing outer membrane vesicles (LPS-OMV) from N. meningitidis. Results demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in surface expression of CD11a, CD11b, CD11c and CD14 in granulocytes and monocytes (maximal at 30-120 min) upon OMV-LPS challenge, whereas CD62L expression was heavily downregulated (maximal at 30-120 min). The OMV-associated LPS was almost as potent (on a weight basis) as purified LPS from E. coli in inducing adhesion molecule modulation but the response was delayed. Upon stimulation with OMV-LPS or E. coli-LPS, the production of intracellular ROS increased in both granulocytes and monocytes when dihydroethidium (DHE, mainly reflecting superoxide anion) was used as a probe, whereas peroxynitrite production monitored with dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) was not significantly changed. The OMV-mediated modulation of leukocyte adhesion molecule expression and increased ROS production may certainly lead to increased entrapment of leukocytes in the microcirculation and contribute to untoward inflammatory reactions as seen in systemic meningococcal disease.     

Anti-GBM nephritis in the mouse: severe proteinuria in the heterologous phase

Summary Highly reproducible anti glomerular basement membrane (GBM) nephritis has been induced in the mouse after a single injection of rabbit or goat antibody against purified homologous GBM. The severity of albuminuria was closely related to the amount of antibody given. With doses of 4 mg or more, low serum albumin concentrations, sometimes accompanied by ascites and oedema, were observed after 1 week. Glomerular injury was characterized by an initial accumulation of polymorphonuclear granulocytes followed by thrombosis and necrosis, the extent of which defined the outcome of the glomerulonephritis. With high doses of antibody the exudative lesions entered a chronic phase, while at doses lower than 2 mg remission of the lesions occurred. Immunofluorescence studies showed prompt linear fixation of the injected anti-bodies to the glomerular capillary wall, accompanied by immediate binding of C3 in a fine granular pattern. Fibrin deposits appeared at 2 h in some glomeruli, increased thereafter, and were present after one day in more than 90% of the glomeruli in mice that had received 4 mg of antibody. This new reproducible model in the mouse is suited for the study of the relationship between activation of mediator systems, histological lesions, and proteinuria.     

Cooperation of antigens,immunoglobulins, complement,and antimicrobial enzymes in regulation of mobility of blood granulocytes

Cooperation between specific and nonspecific factors of humoral immunity in the regulation of granulocyte mobility was studied. Bacterial antigens of dental plaque, immunoglobulins, lysozyme, peroxidase, ribonuclease, and trypsin, each separately, were shown to produce moderate stimulation of chemotaxis and chemokinesis of granulocytes. The strongest chemotaxic effect was given by ribonuclease and the strongest chemokinetic effect by lysozyme. The strongest chemotaxic stimulus was generated on activation by complement in the classical way. Lysozyme sharply enhanced whereas ribonuclease and trypsin depressed the formation of the chemotaxis factor of complement in the classical way. Treatment of granulocytes with antimicrobial enzymes lowered their sensitivity to this factor.Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Research Institute of Stomatology, Ministry of Health of the Ukrainian SSR, Odessa. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. M. Chernukh.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 40–42, January, 1980.     

Dibutyltin‐induced alterations of interleukin 1beta secretion from human immune cells

Dibutyltin (DBT) is used to stabilize polyvinyl chloride plastics (including pipes that distribute drinking water) and as a de‐worming agent in poultry. DBT is found in human blood, and DBT exposures alter the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma from lymphocytes. Interleukin (IL)‐1β is a proinflammatory cytokine that regulates cellular growth, tissue restoration and immune response regulation. IL‐1β plays a role in increasing invasiveness of certain tumors. This study reveals that exposures to DBT (24 h, 48 h and 6 days) modify the secretion of IL‐1β from increasingly reconstituted preparations of human immune cells (highly enriched human natural killer cells, monocyte‐depleted [MD] peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs], PBMCs, granulocytes and a preparation combining both PBMCs and granulocytes). DBT altered IL‐1β secretion from all cell preparations. Higher concentrations of DBT (5 and 2.5 μm ) decreased the secretion of IL‐1β, while lower concentrations of DBT (0.1 and 0.05 μm ) increased the secretion of IL‐1β. Selected signaling pathways were examined in MD‐PBMCs to determine if they play a role in DBT‐induced elevations of IL‐1β secretion. Pathways examined were IL‐1β converting enzyme (caspase 1), mitogen‐activated protein kinases and nuclear factor kappa B. Caspase 1 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways appear to be utilized by DBT in increasing IL‐1β secretion. These results indicate that DBT alters IL‐1β secretion from human immune cells in an ex. vivo system utilizing several IL‐1β regulating signaling pathways. Thus, DBT may have the potential to alter IL‐1β secretion in an in vivo system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

过敏性鼻炎患者血清SIgE和ECP水平的关系探讨

目的：分析过敏性鼻炎（ Ａ Ｒ） 患者血清特异性 Ｉｇ Ｅ（ Ｓ Ｉｇ Ｅ） 和嗜酸粒细胞阳离子蛋白（ Ｅ Ｃ Ｐ） 的关系。方法：采用荧光酶联法对３８ 例 Ａ Ｒ 患者进行吸入性过敏原过筛试验、 Ｓ Ｉｇ Ｅ 和血清 Ｅ Ｃ Ｐ 含量测定。结果：吸入性过敏原过筛试验阳性率为９４ ．７ ％ 。１０例对单一变应原有反应,２６ 例检出２ ～６ 种变应原（ 户尘螨、屋尘、普通豚草、蒿草、藜草和动物皮毛屑） 的 Ｓ Ｉｇ Ｅ,测定值为０ ．３５～６３ ．６ Ｋ Ｕ／ Ｌ,血清 Ｅ Ｃ Ｐ水平为２４ ．８７ ±１０ ．５５ μｇ／ Ｌ,健康对照组为９ ．９３ ±５ ．６２ μｇ／ Ｌ,两组有显著性差异（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 。临床观察, Ｓ Ｉｇ Ｅ 含量与患者症状及体征无明显相关性,但患者的咳喘程度与血清 Ｅ Ｃ Ｐ 的浓度有关,血清中 Ｓ Ｉｇ Ｅ 含量与 Ｅ Ｃ Ｐ浓度间相关性分析没有统计学意义（ｒ＝ ０ ．１０４７ , Ｐ＞ ０ ．０５） 。结论：检查血清 Ｉｇ Ｅ 对过敏性鼻炎特异性病因诊断是非常重要的,也对该病病程发展和治疗监测有一定的参考意义。