Total hip arthroplasty in acetabular fractures

Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) is a well-accepted treatment for established hip arthritis following acetabular fractures. If a conservatively managed or operated case progresses to non-union/mal-union failing to restore the joint integrity, it may eventually develop secondary arthritis warranting a total hip arthroplasty. Also, in recent years, acute total hip arthroplasty is gaining importance in conditions where the fracture presents with pre-existing hip arthritis, is not amenable to salvage by open reduction and internal fixation, or, a poor prognosis is anticipated following fixation.There are several surgical challenges in performing total hip arthroplasty for acetabular fractures whether acute or delayed. As a separate entity elderly patients pose a distinct challenge due to osteoporosis and need stable fixation for early weight bearing alleviating the risk of any thromboembolic event, pulmonary complications and decubitus ulcer. The aim of surgery is to restore the columns for acetabular component implantation rather than anatomic fixation. Meticulous preoperative planning with radiographs and Computed Tomography (CT) scans, adequate exposure to delineate the fracture pattern, and, availability of an array of all instruments and possible implants as backup are the key points for success. Previous implants if any should be removed only if they are in the way of cup implantation or infected. Press fit uncemented modern porous metal acetabular component with multiple screw options is the preferred implant for majority of cases. However, complex fractures may require major reconstruction with revision THA implants especially when a pelvic discontinuity is present.     

Mechanism of olfactory deficit in neurotrauma and its related affective distress: A narrative review

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is among the leading causes of death and disability all over the globe. TBI is also commonly associated with clinical sequelae of posttraumatic depression, and reports of other subsequent affective distress are common. Similarly, posttraumatic changes in chemoreceptive sensory functions, primarily due to coup-contrecoup injury induced shearing of the olfactory nerve fibers, leading to anosmia and ageusia are also well documented in the literature. However, the current literature is limited in addressing the intersections between said variables. The aim of this study was to provide a focused narrative review of the literature, to address these intersections found in clinical sequelae of TBI. As chemoreceptive sensory deficits are also linked to significant affective distress of their own, this review addresses the bidirectionality between sensory deficit and affective distress. Prevalence, demographics, mechanisms, and clinical implications are presented. Previous research is presented and discussed, in an effort to highlight the importance of consideration for all factors in TBI patient care and future research.     

高频超声与磁共振对急性外伤性髌骨外侧脱位的对比研究

目的比较分析高频超声与磁共振(MRI)对急性外伤性髌骨外侧脱位的诊断价值。方法对33例临床证实急性外伤性髌骨外侧脱位的高频超声和MRI资料,以手术结果为金标准,计算高频超声、MRI诊断各种伴随伤的敏感性、特异性和准确性,比较两种检查方法的有效性。结果与手术结果比较,高频超声、MRI诊断MPFL部分撕裂的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为85.7%、85.7%,94.7%、89.5%,90.9%、87.9%;诊断MPFL完全撕裂的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为94.7%、89.5%,85.7%、85.7%,90.9%、87.9%。高频超声、MRI诊断关节软骨Ⅱ级损伤的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为36.4%、81.8%,85%、100%,67.7%、93.5%。高频超声、MRI诊断关节软骨Ⅲ级损伤的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为81.8%、90.9%,85%、90%,83.9%、90.3%;高频超声、MRI诊断关节软骨Ⅳ级损伤的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为100%、100%,90.9%、95.5%,93.5%、96.8%。高频超声对MPFL撕裂、关节软骨损伤的诊断与MRI比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论高频超声检查与MRI检查同样能对急性外伤性髌骨外侧脱位的各种伴随损伤明确诊断和准确分级,是一种简单可靠、快捷并可重复的诊断方法,可作为急性外伤性髌骨外侧脱位的常规检查方法。     

Computational modeling of blast induced whole-body injury: a review

Blast injuries affect millions of lives across the globe due to its traumatic after effects on the brain and the whole body. To date, military grade armour materials are designed to mitigate ballistic and shrapnel attacks but are less effective in resisting blast impacts. In order to improve blast absorption characteristics of armours, the first key step is thoroughly understands the effects of blasts on the human body itself. In the last decade, a plethora of experimental and computational work has been carried out to investigate the mechanics and pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). However, very few attempts have been made so far to study the effect of blasts on the various other parts of the body such as the sensory organs (eyes and ears), nervous system, thorax, extremities, internal organs (such as the lungs) and the skeletal system. While an experimental evaluation of blast effects on such physiological systems is difficult, developing finite element (FE) models could allow the recreation of realistic blast scenarios on full scale human models and simulate the effects. The current article reviews the state-of-the-art in computational research in blast induced whole-body injury modelling, which would not only help in identifying the areas in which further research is required, but would also be indispensable for understanding body location specific armour design criteria for improved blast injury mitigation.     

激光指示光引导鼻内镜下手术治疗外伤性鼻泪管阻塞伴泪囊移位

目的 观察通过激光指示光引导定位泪囊，行鼻内镜下泪囊鼻腔吻合手术治疗泪囊移位的方法。方法 对12例（12眼）经CT、MRI或泪囊造影后证实泪骨、鼻骨、或上颌骨鼻突骨折造成鼻泪管阻塞和泪囊移位，在局麻下激光指示光针于上或下泪小管进入泪囊，鼻内镜光源反复打开和关闭以观察指示光最靠近骨窗的最佳位置，切开相应鼻黏膜，做骨窗，然后顺势扩大鼻黏膜和骨窗口，准确找到泪囊后放入泪囊鼻腔引流支架。结果 12眼外伤性鼻泪管阻塞伴泪囊移位采用上述方法均顺利完成泪囊鼻腔吻合手术，术中大大减少了手术探查寻找泪囊带来的鼻黏膜和骨组织过多的损伤，术中患者痛苦少，术后恢复快，鼻腔换药次数减少。结论 激光指示光引导行鼻内镜下泪囊鼻腔吻合手术其定位准确，操作简单，组织损伤少，手术时间短。     

Controversies in neuro-ophthalmology: Steroid therapy for traumatic optic neuropathy

Background:There is an increase in the incidence of traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) due to increasing urbanization and rapid spurt in the number of motor vehicles on the road. Despite early presentation and ease of diagnosis the visual outcomes in TON are still limited. There is also significant confusion about the timing, dose and efficacy of steroid treatment in its management.Purpose:To provide a clinical update of the pros and cons of steroid therapy for TON.Design:The paper is a retrospective review of the currently available literature in the English language indexed in PubMed.Methods:A PubMed search was conducted by the authors using the following terms: Traumatic optic neuropathy, megadose, steroids, methylprednisolone. Relevant original articles, review articles, and case reports related to the topic of discussion were evaluated and discussed in the paper.Results:There is no prospective randomized control trial evaluating the effect of steroids in TON. There are varying reports on the effect of steroid therapy from significant improvement to no difference compared to observation.Conclusion:The decision to give steroids to patients with TON has to be on an individual case to case basis and must involve informed consent from the patient. There are documented advantages and disadvantages of steroid therapy and a prospective, randomized, controlled trial is necessary comparing steroids, surgery and observation before definitive management can be evolved.     

Dissociative experience during childbirth

Objective: A dissociative experience refers to phenomena such as depersonalization, derealization, amnesia, out of body experience, altered time perception and body image. The aim of this study was to assess dissociative experience during childbirth and the possible related variables. Method: A total of 328 women, up to 72 hours postpartum, completed the peritraumatic dissociative experience questionnaire (PDEQ), the socio-demographic and obstetrical questionnaire, the pain numeric rating scale, the Trauma History Questionnaire and an SCID-I for traumatic events. Results: A total of 11.3% of the sample experienced significant dissociation. In particular, symptoms like a sensation of time changes during the event/things seemed to be happening in slow motion, not being aware of things that happened, and disorientation. A traumatic childbirth, previous trauma, obstetrical complications, forceps, prematurity, complications with the baby, dissatisfaction with the maternity care, unemployment, high score pain during labor and years of schooling were the factors considered. Conclusion: Dissociative experiences can occur during childbirth.