Model-independent assessment of accumulation kinetics based on moments of drug disposition curves

Summary The bounds of the accumulation profile can be predicted on the basis of the mean disposition residence time (MDRT) of a drug. The time to reach 90% of the plateau level (t _0.9) is less than 3.7 MDRT. This prediction can be improved if, in addition, the variance of disposition residence time (VDRT, CV _D ² =VDRT/MDRT²), or the terminal exponential coefficient (), is known. For CV _D ² 1 or MDRT1, the time to reach steady state (t_0.9) approaches 2.3 MDRT (limiting case of monoexponential drug disposition curve). Conditions are stated under which can be regarded as the principal determinant of the accumulation rate.     

中文版亲子互动-喂养量表的信效度初步研究

目的 引入并修订美国华盛顿大学的亲子互动-喂养量表,并在中国人群中进行信效度研究。方法 按照国际测试委员会指南,对原亲子互动-喂养量表进行翻译,形成中文版亲子互动-喂养量表(PCI-FS-C)。2018年6月—2019年1月方便抽样北京、银川、兰州和马鞍山市4所妇幼保健院,招募310例0~12个月母子对,采集婴儿一次完整喂养过程的视频,由经过美国华盛顿大学培训合格获得原版量表评估资质人员进行视频编码评分。抽样6例评估评分者信度;于14~21 d后随机抽样10%评估重测信度;随机抽样41例进行中文版婴儿-学步儿家庭环境观察评估表(IT-HOME-C)效标效度检验。使用多元线性回归进行区分效度分析。结果 共获得273例有效样本。总量表、照护者和婴儿量表内部一致性Cronbach's α 系数分别为0.846、0.805和0.690;总量表、照护者和婴儿量表的重测信度分别为0.847、0.778和0.480(P<0.01);总量表评分者信度Kendall相关性系数为0.860;PCI-FS-C的总分、照护者和婴儿量表总分与IT-HOME-C总分呈显著性中度正相关(r=0.526、0.506、0.427,P＜0.05)。控制混杂因素后,婴儿年龄与PCI-FS-C量表总分、照护者量表和婴儿量表总分显著相关(b=3.24、2.31、0.92)。结论 中文版亲子互动-喂养量表在中国人群中具有良好的信度和效度,可以作为我国婴儿喂养亲子互动的评估工具。今后可以考虑开展大样本量分层抽样的本土化常模研究。     

中国幼儿睡眠状况评估量表的编制与评价研究

目的 编制适用于我国12～35月龄幼儿的睡眠状况评估量表,评价其信度、效度和可行性,为评估中国幼儿睡眠情况提供适宜的评估工具。 方法 建立条目池,通过头脑风暴法、德尔菲法和预调查对条目进行初筛和修改。采用抽样调查方法,2019年7-11月从全国6个社区、6个乡镇和两家睡眠门诊选择12～35月龄幼儿看护人进行现场调查,共收回有效问卷551份。采用项目分析、效度分析、信度分析、可行性和验证性因子分析对量表进行评价。 结果 幼儿睡眠状况评估量表(12～35个月)包含睡眠节律、夜醒情况、入睡行为、日间嗜睡,睡眠呼吸和异态睡眠6个因子20个条目,累积解释变异量为55.55%。所有条目的内容效度指数介于0.83～1.00。量表入睡潜伏期、夜醒次数、睡眠时间3个条目与简明婴儿睡眠问卷呈正相关(r=0.41、0.69、0.42,P＜0.001)。除日间嗜睡外,社区幼儿量表总分以及其他5个因子得分均低于门诊幼儿(P＜0.05)。量表总Cronbach's α系数为0.72,两周重测信度为0.84,完成率为92.6%。验证性因子分析结果显示,量表的因子结构模型较为合理、稳定。 结论 量表具有较好的信度效度,可以区分不同幼儿的睡眠状况,有助于及早发现幼儿的睡眠问题。     

婴儿饮食行为量表的编制与评价

目的 旨在编制一套具有高信效度的本土化婴儿饮食行为量表,以早期识别、预防婴儿饮食行为的发生。方法 对281名6~11月龄婴儿进行初始问卷调查。运用因子分析、区分度分析、Cronbach's α系数及Spearman相关分析筛选条目,形成试用问卷。对935名6~11月龄婴儿行试用问卷调查,筛选条目并形成正式量表。运用折半信度、重测信度、探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析等方法评价量表的信效度。结果 1)形成包含6个维度、33个条目的婴儿饮食行为量表,Cronbach's α系数为0.910,折半信度为0.927,重测信度为0.693,与各维度的相关系数为0.266~0.752。验证性因子分析示χ²/df=3.180,GFI=0.831,CFI=0.842,RFI=0.766,RMSEA=0.068。2)婴儿体格生长与出生体重、食物种类与进食能力、喂养人行为和食物响应相关(P<0.05)。父母文化水平和家庭收入对婴儿饮食行为影响显著(P<0.05)。结论 婴儿饮食行为量表具有良好的信效度,可客观反映6~11月龄婴儿的饮食行为问题,是我国本土化婴儿饮食行为评估的科学可信工具。     

四格移步试验在平衡功能障碍儿童中的信效度研究

目的 研究四格移步试验在平衡功能障碍的儿童中的信度效度,为儿童平衡功能障碍的临床评估提供试验依据。方法 研究对象为2018年1月-2019年2月在深圳市儿童医院就诊的平衡功能受损129例儿童,所有研究对象在1周内由A、B两名评估员评估3次,A负责第1、3次评估,B负责第2次评估;第1次评估内容为四格移步试验(FSST)、 Berg平衡量表(BBS)、计时起立行走测试(TUG)及10 m步行测试(10MWT),每个试验间休息3~5 min;第2、3次评估仅评估FSST,评估过程中,评估员不互相讨论,各自记录数据;应用Pearson相关性分析法检验FSST、BBS总分、TUG、10MWT评定结果的相关性以反映FSST的信度,分析FSST的评定者间信度及重测信度,应用CDM软件包检测区分度。结果 FSST与BBS、TUG、10MWT结果的相关系数为-0.985(-0.782~-0.605)、0.678(0.572~0.761)、0.721(0.626~0.795)(P＜0.001);FSST的评定者间信度为0.957,重测信度为0.979;不同年龄的患儿区分度(D)为0.801~0.989,不同病因的患儿区分度为(D)0.707~0.824。结论 FSST用于儿童平衡功能评估具较高的平行效度、评定者间一致性信度及重测信度,值得临床推广。     

Direct comparison of reproducibility and reliability in quantitative assessments of burn scar properties

IntroductionDetermining the efficacy of anti-scar technologies can be difficult as qualitative, subjective assessments are often utilized instead of systematic, objective measures. Perceptions regarding the reliability of instruments for quantitative measurements along with their high cost and increased data collection time may discourage their use, leading to use of scar scales which are relatively quick and low-cost. To directly evaluate the reliability of instruments for quantitative measurements of scar properties, instruments and two qualitative scales were compared by assessing a variety of cutaneous scars.MethodsScar height and surface texture were evaluated using a 3D scanner and a mold/cast technique. Scar color was evaluated by using a spectroscopy-based tool, the Mexameter®, and digital photography with image analysis. Scar biomechanics were evaluated using the BTC-2000?, Dermal Torque Meter (DTM®), and ballistometer®. The Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) and Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) were used to qualitatively evaluate the same scar properties. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to determine inter- and intra-user reliability (poor, moderate, good, excellent) with all instruments and the kappa reliability statistic was used to asses inter-user reliability (poor, fair, moderate, good, very good) for VSS and POSAS. Time for measurement collection and after collection analysis was also recorded.ResultsThe Mexameter® was the most reliable method for evaluating erythema and pigmentation compared to digital photography and image processing, POSAS and VSS. Digital photography and analysis was more reliable than POSAS and VSS. Assessment of scar height was significantly more reliable when using a 3D scanner versus VSS and POSAS. The 3D scanner and mold-cast techniques also offered an additional benefit of providing an absolute value of scar height relative to the surrounding tissue. Intra-user reliability for all mechanical tests was moderate to good. Inter-user reliability was greater when using the BTC-2000? and ballistometer® versus the DTM®. All quantitative measurements took less than 90 s for collection, with the exception of the mold/cast technique.ConclusionNon-invasive instruments allow scar properties to be quantitatively assessed with high sensitivity and as a function of time and/or treatment without the need for biopsy collection. Overall, the reliability of scar assessments was significantly improved when quantitative instruments were utilized versus scar scales. Quantitative assessment of color and biomechanics were swift, requiring less than 90 s per measurement while assessments of texture and height required additional analysis time after collection. With proper training of clinical staff and well-defined protocols for measurement collection, reliable, quantitative assessments of scar properties can be collected with little disruption to the clinical workflow.     

Accuracy of Preoperative Templating in Total Hip Arthroplasty With Special Focus on Stem Morphology: A Randomized Comparison Between Common Digital and Three-Dimensional Planning Using Biplanar Radiographs

BackgroundAccurate preoperative planning is a key component of successful total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purpose of the present study was to compare the accuracy and reliability of three-dimensional (hipEOS) and common digital two-dimensional (TraumaCad) templating with special focus on stem morphology.Methods51 patients undergoing THA were randomized to two groups. Preoperative planning was performed on 23 patients with hipEOS (3D) and on 28 patients with TraumaCad (2D) planning software. Planning results were compared with the implanted component size. Inter- and intraobserver reliability as well as planning accuracy of both planning methods with special focus on straight and short stem design were recorded.ResultsIntraobserver reliability of both planning methods was good for component planning (ICC_2,1: 0.835-0.967). Interobserver ICC_2,1 for stem and cup planning were higher for 3D templating (3D ICC_2,1: 0.906-0.918 vs. 2D ICC_2,1: 0.835-0.843). Total stem and cup size predictions were within 2 sizes for 3D and within 3 sizes for 2D planning. Comparing short stem planning accuracy of both planning methods, absolute difference between implanted and planned component size was significantly lower in 3D planning (P = .029). There was no significant difference in straight stem (P = .935) and cup (P = .954) planning accuracy.ConclusionOur findings suggest that 3D templating with hipEOS software has a good overall reliability and may have a better planning accuracy of short stem prostheses than digital templating with TraumaCad software. Assuming that the number of implanted short stem prostheses will further increase in coming years, a more precise planning with 3D technique can contribute to improve surgery outcome.     

痴呆恐惧量表的汉化及信效度检验

目的汉化痴呆恐惧量表,并在社区老年人中检验其信效度。方法根据Brislin翻译原则翻译痴呆恐惧量表,通过专家咨询和预试验进行文化调适,采用便利抽样法选取230名社区老年人进行问卷调查,检验中文版量表的信度和效度。结果中文版痴呆恐惧量表包含认知、社会和躯体3个维度,涉及痴呆症的体验与认识(7个条目)、担心家庭负担(4个条目)、羞耻感(3个条目)和躯体反应(4个条目)4个因子共18个条目。量表内容效度指数为0.934,各条目内容效度指数为0.857~1.000;探索性因子分析共提取4个公因子,累积方差贡献率为77.464%;总量表Cronbach′sα系数为0.893,重测信度为0.854。结论中文版痴呆恐惧量表在社区老年人中应用信效度较好,可用于老年人痴呆恐惧的识别和评估。     

Two screening instruments for collecting alcohol-related information from expectant mothers and fathers: Testing the reliability of the Parent Alcohol Screening Questionnaire and the Social Support for an Alcohol-Free Pregnancy Questionnaire

The aim is to test the reliability of two alcohol screening instruments: (1) The Parent Alcohol Screening Questionnaire (PASQ5), and (2) the Social Support for an Alcohol-free Pregnancy (SSAFP) questionnaire. This is a cohort study from the south of Sweden using repeated surveys during pregnancy. To examine if responses differed according to different data collection methods, two cohorts consisting of 289 expectant mothers and 141 fathers completed the PASQ5 both verbally (weeks 6–7) and in writing (week 12) within regular antenatal visits. One of the cohorts (n = 137/64) also completed the SSAFP in week 12 and later in week 33. The third cohort, consisting of 179 and 133 expectant mothers and fathers, respectively, completed the PASQ5 and the SSAFP twice in late pregnancy (week 31 + 33). Eight of 10 items in the PASQ5 were stable for both expectant mothers and expectant fathers when comparing verbal versus written-delivered formats. Eight of 10 questions in the PASQ5 were stable when assessing the items in a test–retest analysis in late pregnancy for expectant mothers and nine of 10 questions were stable for fathers. The SSAFP items showed high internal consistency (0.86) for expectant mothers and excellent internal consistency (0.94) for expectant fathers. Most SSAFP items (17 of 21 for expectant mothers and 18 of 22 for expectant fathers) were also stable in a test–retest scenario in late pregnancy. Both the PASQ5 and SSAFP are reliable tools and may be helpful for clinicians who aim to have a deeper dialogue about alcohol consumption during pregnancy. These tools may also be helpful for researchers aiming to better understand a person's changes in alcohol intake and/or their social support network.