Clindamycin vs. first-generation cephalosporins for acute osteoarticular infections of childhood--a prospective quasi-randomized controlled trial

No sufficiently powered trial has examined two antimicrobials in acute osteoarticular infections of childhood. We conducted a prospective, multicentre, quasi-randomized trial in Finland, comparing clindamycin with first-generation cephalosporins. The age of patients ranged between 3 months and 15 years, and all cases were culture-positive. We assigned antibiotic treatment intravenously for the first 2-4 days, and continued oral treatment with clindamycin 40 mg/kg/24 h or first-generation cephalosporin 150 mg/kg/24 h in four doses. Surgery was kept to a minimum. Subsiding symptoms and signs and normalization of C-reactive protein (CRP) level were preconditions for the discontinuation of antimicrobials. The main outcome was full recovery without further antimicrobials because of an osteoarticular indication during 12 months after therapy. The intention-to-treat analysis comprised 252 children, 169 of whom were analysed per-protocol: 82 cases of osteomyelitis, 80 of septic arthritis, and seven of osteomyelitis-arthritis. Staphylococcus aureus strains (all methicillin-sensitive) caused 84% of the cases. Except for one non-serious sequela during convalescence in both groups, and two late infections caused by dissimilar agents in one child, all patients recovered. The entire courses (medians) of clindamycin and cephalosporin lasted for 23 and 24 days, respectively. CRP normalized in both groups in 9 days. The patients were discharged, on average, on day 10. Loose stools were reported less often (1%) in the clindamycin group than in the cephalosporin group (7%), but two clindamycin recipients developed rash. Clindamycin or a first-generation cephalosporin, administered mostly orally, perform equally well in childhood osteoarticular infections, provided that high doses and administration four times daily are used. As most methicillin-resistant staphylococci remain clindamycin-sensitive, clindamycin remains an option instead of costly alternatives.     

Brucellar spondylodiscitis: a case report

Brucellosis is a common zoonosis which still remains as a major health problem in certain parts of the world. Osteoarticular involvement is the most frequent complication of brucellosis, in which the diagnosis of brucellar spondylodiscitis is often difficult since the clinical presentation may be obscured by many other conditions. Herein, we reported an uncommon case of spondylodiscitis due to brucella in an elderly male who had diabetes mellitus and degenerative spinal disease as underlying conditions. The diagnosis was established by using magnetic resonance imaging after the brucella-agglutination test was found to be positive. The diagnosis was also confirmed by positive blood culture. A high degree of suspicion in the diagnosis of brucellar spondylitis is essential to reduce the delay for the treatment. Thus, it should be essentially included in the differential diagnosis of longstanding back pain particularly in regions where brucellosis is endemic. Screening serologic tests for brucella should be used more widely in cases with low index of suspicion, especially in endemic areas.     

右足跗骨结核1例

患者男,80岁,主因"右侧足面持续肿胀2年外侧窦道形成"入院.查体:右足背软组织肿胀,远行时疼痛加剧,经窭道分泌腥臭黄白色脓性物.右踝关节正侧位X线摄片:右足第2～5跖骨基底部、楔骨、舟骨、距骨及骰骨和部分跟骨骨质破坏,骨关节间隙显示不清,足背软组织层次混浊、肿胀;右踝后方血管壁钙化,跟骨骨刺生成,跟腱韧带见条形钙化(图1).X线诊断:①右跗骨感染性病变;②右侧跟骨下棘骨质增生;③右侧腓动脉末端及跟腱韧带钙化.CT:右足广泛骨质稀疏,舟骨、骰骨、楔骨及邻近跟骨、距骨、跖骨基底部骨质广泛破坏,部分碎骨片外移;右侧附骨间关节、距跟舟关节、跗跖关节紊乱,关节间隙不规则变窄,关节面骨质弥漫性虫蚀样破坏;邻近跗跖部周围软组织肿胀,脂肪间隙消失(图2).CT诊断:右跗骨、跖骨及对应关节结核改变.病理诊断:跗骨结核.     

交通事故导致的股骨髁间骨折的治疗和并发膝关节强直的处理

目的 总结交通事故致股骨髁间骨折的治疗及治疗后并发膝关节强直的原因和处理。方法 对６８例该种类型的骨折进行统计分析。结果 ４２例骨折的膝关节面基本达解剖复位,４０例骨折愈合后出现不同程度的膝关节强直。结论 并发膝关节强直的病例宜尽早行膝关节粘连松解＋关节持续被动运动治疗,应强调关节的主动运动对关节功能恢复所起的作用。     

肺结核并发各种类型肺外结核患者的分布及其耐药情况分析

目的 探讨肺结核并发各种类型肺外结核患者的分布及其耐药情况。方法 选取2013年1月至2015年12月在首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院住院治疗的347例肺结核并发肺外结核患者(男199例,女148例)为研究对象,回顾性分析患者的年龄、性别、肺外结核并发感染部位等临床特征,同时对痰菌培养阳性的结核分枝杆菌临床分离株进行药物敏感性试验。比较分析并发不同类型肺外结核患者的耐药情况。结果 347例肺结核并发肺外结核患者中,中位年龄33(24~52)岁,其中高发年龄为20~39岁,占41.8%(145/347)。常见并发肺外结核的类型依次为:骨关节结核112例(32.3%,112/347),淋巴结结核96例(27.7%,96/347),结核性脑膜炎82例(23.6%,82/347),结核性腹膜炎23例(6.6%,23/347),结核性心包炎9例(2.6%,9/347),肠结核8例(2.3%,8/347),泌尿系结核和结核性多浆膜炎各5例(各占1.4%,5/347),肾结核2例(0.6%,2/347),脾结核、女性盆腔结核、肝结核、附睾结核和鼻结核各1例(各占0.3%,1/347)。并发骨关节结核、淋巴结结核、结核性脑膜炎、结核性腹膜炎和其他类型肺外结核患者的中位年龄分别为:47(26~60)岁、26(20~42)岁、34(25~50)岁、26(20~46)岁和47(31~66)岁;上述各组中位年龄之间比较,差异有统计学意义(χ ²=36.25,P=0.000)。347例患者中有189例患者进行了痰培养,对其中70例细菌培养阳性的临床分离株进行的药敏试验结果显示,肺结核并发肺外结核的总体耐药率为44.3%(31/70),单耐药率、多耐药率和耐多药率分别为11.4%(8/70)、2.9%(2/70)和30.0%(21/70)。 结论 肺结核并发肺外结核的累及部位广泛,其中最为常见的累及部位为骨关节、淋巴结和脑膜。肺结核并发肺外结核的总体耐药率高。     

翼外肌在创伤性颞下颌关节强直中的作用机制研究

目的 揭示翼外肌在创伤性颞下颌关节（temporomandibular joint, TMJ）强直发病中的作用机制。 方法 本研究纳入6个月大的雄性绵羊8只,双侧髁突均通过手术建立复合创伤继发TMJ强直动物模型,即手术造成双侧髁突矢状骨折、关节盘移位及关节窝损伤。此外,左侧切除部分翼外肌作为实验组,右侧保留翼外肌作为对照组。术后12周,通过用大体观察、螺旋CT扫描、Micro-CT扫描、组织学观察等方法对TMJ样本进行评估与分析。 结果 肉眼观察可见：对照组发生了TMJ骨性强直而实验组仅仅是纤维强直。螺旋CT和Micro-CT结果显示：与实验组相比,对照组关节面粗糙、有新骨形成并突入到关节腔内,且关节腔内有钙化的骨痂形成;对照组髁突的最大内外径和前后径均明显大于实验组（P＜0.05）;Micro-CT扫描结果还显示：对照组新生骨小梁的方向与翼外肌牵拉方向一致,而实验组无此特征。组织学结果也印证了对照组关节内发生了纤维-骨性强直,而实验组仅为纤维强直。 结论 在髁突矢状骨折的愈合过程中,翼外肌发挥了类牵张成骨的作用,从而参与创伤性TMJ强直的发生。     

保留髁突和关节盘治疗Ⅲ型颞下颌关节内强直的作用和疗效观察

目的 探讨保留髁突和颞下颌关节盘的术式对于治疗创伤性颞下颌关节内强直Ⅲ型的疗效.方法 创伤性颞下颌关节内强直Ⅲ型8例,男4例,女4例;年龄7～22岁,平均13.6岁.病程1～12年,开口度2～10 mm.手术方法为去除外侧髁突骨折断面形成的骨痂,将髁突磨改成形,在内侧寻找分离出移位的关节盘,松解后将关节盘的外侧端缝合固定至外侧关节囊或软组织.结果 术后随访6～38个月,患者开口度平均30 mm,无关节疼痛及弹响症状,随访期内无复发.结论 采用保留髁突和关节盘的方法治疗创伤性颞下颌关节内强直Ⅲ型,方法简单易行,创伤小,能有效防止复发.     

髁突矢状骨折继发颞下颌关节强直31例临床分析

目的:探讨髁突矢状骨折继发创伤性颞下颌关节强直的临床特点。方法:回顾性分析2001～2010年武汉大学口腔医院口腔颌面外科收治的31例、48侧继发于髁突矢状骨折的颞下颌关节强直患者的相关临床资料。结果:31例颞下颌关节强直患者平均外伤年龄15.6岁,其中23例(74.2%)外伤年龄小于16岁。病程3月~20年,平均病程6.5年。42侧强直关节的关节盘发生移位,6侧强直关节的关节盘完全破坏。强直关节标本镜下观察:内侧髁突骨折块发生废用萎缩性改变,外侧骨球区见软骨细胞呈灶性增生成骨,关节盘纤维结构紊乱、玻璃样变性。结论:青少年髁突矢状骨折易发生颞下颌关节强直,关节盘的移位损伤是颞下颌关节强直发生的重要条件。创伤性颞下颌关节强直首先发生在关节外侧,融合骨赘的组织病理学表现为软骨化生、成骨。     

颞下颌关节强直治疗方法分析

目的 探讨治疗颞下颌关节强直并有效防止复发的方法.方法 对3例外伤性颞下颌关节强直病例,除将残余关节盘复位缝合外,分别用喙突、残留髁状突及喙突联合钛金属关节头恢复颞下颌关节结构.结果 病例1术后1年复查,张口度为2.5 cm,咬合时下颌偏术侧.病例2术后1年复查,张口度为3.7 cm,咬合关系正常.病例3术后3个月复查,张口度为3.9 cm,前牙轻度开(牙合).结论 恢复关节的"正常"解剖结构,使残余的关节盘复位,保留残留的髁状突,并使其复位固定,有望提高颞下颌关节强直患者手术疗效,减少复发.     

持续被动活动下自体骨膜移植防治髋关节僵硬

目的在持续被动活动条件下,自体骨膜移植修复髋臼关节面软骨缺损防治先天性髋脱位术后关节僵硬。方法5例7个髋关节,年龄10～14岁。其中先天性髋脱位术后关节僵硬2个,采取髋关节粘连松解;先天性髋脱位5个,行切开复位、改良Chiari骨盆截骨。以上7个髋臼的关节面软骨缺损采用髋臼加深及自体胫骨骨膜移植修复其缺损。术后持续被动活动每天6h,连用6周。结果经1～4年随诊,原来僵硬的2个髋关节屈髋活动分别为90°、30°,先天性髋脱位的5个髋分别为70°、80°、80°、90°、90°,X线片显示髋关节间隙5个清晰,2个狭窄。结论持续被动活动下自体骨膜移植修复髋臼关节面软骨缺损可有效地防治先天性髋脱位术后关节僵硬。