神经内镜与显微手术切除前、中颅底肿瘤

目的探讨神经内镜与显微神经外科技术在切除前、中颅底肿瘤中的意义和手术方法。方法应用神经内镜辅助的显微神经外科技术切除前、中颅底肿瘤89例,其中包括颅眶沟通瘤9例、颅鼻沟通瘤7例、颅眶鼻沟通瘤6例。在显微镜下尽可能切除可见的肿瘤部分,再用神经内镜寻找残余的肿瘤并切除。结果在常规显微神经外科切除肿瘤后,仍有不同程度的残余肿瘤,在内镜下进一步切除,80例(89.9%)肿瘤达全切除,6例(6.7%)获次全切除,3例(3.4%)为部分切除,无手术死亡。结论神经内镜辅助与显微神经外科技术切除前、中颅底肿瘤有助于提高肿瘤全切率,减少手术创伤。     

The chemotherapy of posterior Fossa tumors in childhood

Conventional therapy for brain tumors, consisting of neurosurgical intervention and radiotherapy, has not resulted in the successes achievable in other childhood malignancies. The role of adjuvant chemotherapy, well defined in many childhood cancers, has not yet contributed significantly to the treatment of children with brain tumors. Chemotherapy of recurrent tumors has produced regressions but no cures. The most active agents identified to date in the treatment of recurrent posterior fossa tumors include cisplatinum, cyclophosphamide and methotrexate. Future efforts will need to focus on the rational selection of drugs for study in limited agent histology-stratified phase II trials, with advancement of active agents into large randomized phase III adjuvant therapy trials.     

The CT criteria for conservative treatment — but under close clinical observation — of posterior fossa epidural haematomas

Summary In order to assess whether the indications for conservative treatment of supratentorial epidural haematomas are applicable also to posterior fossa epidural haematomas (PFEDH), the author reviewed the records of 25 patients. With a PFEDH volume of no more than 10 ml, a thickness of no more than 15 mm, a midline shift of no more than 5 mm, and in the absence of a significant intracranial haematoma elsewhere on computed tomography (CT) scans, the patients undergoing conservative treatment achieved the same excellent outcome as those undergoing early surgery. These CT criteria for conservative treatment of PFEDHs are similar to those of supratentorial epidural haematomas except the volume factor, namely, 10 ml in the former against 30 ml in the latter. That means a PFEDH of 10 ml or larger in the small posterior fossa may produce the same degree of midline shift and compression, and be as dangerous as an epidural haematoma of 30 ml or larger in the more capacious supratentorial compartment. But also for epidural haematomas of the posterior fossa, which initially are smaller than 10 ml, the general rule remains valid that they should be under close clinical supervision     

后颅凹成血管细胞瘤的影像学特点及其诊断

目的：探讨成血管细胞瘤的影像学特点。材料与方法：报道１４例成血管细胞瘤的ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ所见，分析肿瘤的特点。结果：囊性肿瘤，在ＭＲＩ上表现为囊性病灶和附壁肿瘤结节；在ＣＴ上表现为该典型征象占８１．８％。混合性肿瘤３例，在ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ上表现实质性肿块、偏心性囊变和均一显著强化；后者还可见肿瘤旁和肿瘤内血管流空。结论：ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ均是诊断成血管细胞瘤的有效检查方法。成血管细胞瘤的特征性影像学表现是囊肿和突入囊内的壁结节，以及肿瘤的异常显著增强     

Arnold-Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症的外科治疗

目的：寻求Arnold—Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症的病因、发病机制和确实合适的手术方案及术式。方法：通过回顾性分析天津医科大学总医院神经外科在1990年至2003年间收治的143例病例，对比不同手术方式术前术后MRI和临床症状的变化，寻找其间的规律。结果：术前MRI显示，有空洞者比单纯小脑扁桃体下疝者后颅窝更加紧密。术后症状均缓解，MRI显示空洞均减小，但后颅窝减压术者可见小脑扁桃体回缩，而脊髓空洞一腹腔分流术者小脑扁桃体回缩不明显。结论：Arnold—Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症是多因素引起的疾病，不能以单一因素来解释。脊髓蛛网膜下腔，特别是颅颈结合部的脑脊液循环障碍，是各种病因的共同点。因此，解除脑脊液循环障碍是治疗这种疾病的关键环节和最终目的。     

颞下颌关节与颅面指标的计算机相关及回归分析

本文用计算机分析统计了118例(236侧)颞下颌关节的12项骨性指标及10项颅面指标的正常值及相关关系。结果表明颞下颌关节各项指标之间、颞下颌关节与颅面各主要指标之间,均存在良好的相关关系。说明颞下颌关节,特别是关节窝和髁突的形态大小具有明显的规律性。由于颅面诸指标与颞下颌关节主要指标之间高度相关,因而本文用逐步回归方法,建立了由颅面特征指标推算髁突形态的回归方程。本文的结果可为该关节的形态研究及人工关节的设计和应用提供有益的依据。     

脑干听觉诱发电位在后颅凹肿瘤诊断及术中监护的应用

目的：了解脑干听觉诱发电位技术在后颅凹肿瘤诊断及术中监护的意义。方法：对８例后颅凹肿瘤患者进行术前检查，其中２例进行术中监护，对ＢＡＥＰ各波波形、潜伏期、波间期的变化进行分析。结果：Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波潜伏期延长４例；ⅠⅢ、ⅢⅤ或ⅠⅤ波波间期延长５例；波形分化不良，重复性差６例；由于手术操作引起的颅内压变化、脑干出血、缺血、受压均可引起ＢＡＥＰ的变化。结论：ＢＡＥＰ对后颅凹病变的早期诊断、术中重要结构的保护及术后功能的评估有重要意义     

Fossa navicularis: anatomic variation at the skull base

The fossa navicularis is a relatively rare anatomic variation of the skull base. Awareness of its existence will avoid misinterpretations of radiological images and unnecessary investigations. This study describes the appearance of the fossa navicularis, and investigates its incidence and whether it is related to pathology at the basiocciput. We studied 492 dry human skulls and 525 computer tomography (CT) images of patients. Dry skulls showing a fossa navicularis were investigated by CT scan, whereas patients identified as having a fossa navicularis were further examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To document the position of the fossa more precisely, measurements were made between the fossa navicularis and certain anatomic landmarks such as the foramen ovale, the pharyngeal tubercle, the posterior border of the vomer, the foramen lacerum, the carotid canal, and the occipital condyle. Upon examination, 26 of 492 skulls (5.3%) were found to have a fossa navicularis. Twelve were <2 mm in depth and the other 14 had a depth of >/=2 mm. Of the 525 patients, 16 (3.0%) were identified as having a fossa navicularis in CT images. Evaluation of MRIs showed no soft tissue lesions in any of these patients. Comprehensive anatomic details of the fossa navicularis have not been reported in the literature. The results of this study may be useful to radiologists, anatomists, and surgeons interested in the skull base.     

后颅凹肿瘤术中的脑干听觉诱发电位监测分析

目的:探讨脑干听觉诱发电位技术对后颅凹肿瘤术中监护的临床意义。方法:对16例后颅凹肿瘤患者进行术前检查,术中监护,并对BAEP各波波形、潜伏期进行分析。结果:Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波潜伏期延长10例伴Ⅰ—Ⅲ、Ⅲ—Ⅴ或Ⅰ—Ⅴ波波间期延长;波形分化不良或波幅较低6例;手术操作牵拉可引起BAEP不同程度变化。结论:后颅凹占位病变术中的BAEP监护,对保护听觉和脑干功能及术后功能的评估有重要意义。     

A closer look at iatrogenic hypospadias

Almost all surgical repair techniques for hypospadias include dissection of the glans penis, and covering the neo-urethra with the glans tissue circumferentially. Surprisingly, the presence of the “septum glandis” in the ventral midline has been overlooked for decades. A careful examination of six patients with iatrogenic hypospadias (IH) revealed direct indications of the septum glandis. All patients were treated with long-term urethral catheterisation in the paediatric intensive care unit due to neurologic and/or metabolic diseases. The glans was disrupted in all patients due to ventral midline compression of the urethral catheter, which resulted in a tear in the septum glandis. A remnant of the septum glandis was clearly observed in patients with an incomplete tear. Further injuries caused tear in the frenulum and corpus spongiosum, exposed the glanular urethra and made its vertical elliptical shape, the “fossa navicularis”, visible. Intact contours of the separated glans wings were observed in all patients. The glans wings merge ventrally in the midline, but are separated by a fine connective tissue (septum glandis) in conjunction with the frenulum, which is involved in the formation of the ventral wall of the glanular urethra. IH provides further insight into the structural anatomy of the normal human glans and glanular urethra.