Effects of aqueous extract of Ruta graveolens and its ingredients on cytochrome P450, uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase,and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H)-quinone oxidoreductase in mice

Ruta graveolens (the common rue) has been used for various therapeutic purposes, including relief of rheumatism and treatment of circulatory disorder. To elucidate the effects of rue on main drug-metabolizing enzymes, effects of an aqueous extract of the aerial part of rue and its ingredients on cytochrome P450 (P450/CYP), uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H):quinone oxidoreductase were studied in C57BL/6JNarl mice. Oral administration of rue extract to males increased hepatic Cyp1a and Cyp2b activities in a dose-dependent manner. Under a 7-day treatment regimen, rue extract (0.5 g/kg) induced hepatic Cyp1a and Cyp2b activities and protein levels in males and females. This treatment increased hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity only in males. However, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activity remained unchanged. Based on the contents of rutin and furanocoumarins of mouse dose of rue extract, rutin increased hepatic Cyp1a activity and the mixture of furanocoumarins (F_mix) increased Cyp2b activities in males. The mixture of rutin and F_mix increased Cyp1a and Cyp2b activities. These results revealed that rutin and F_mix contributed at least in part to the P450 induction by rue.     

芦丁在杂化纳米材料修饰电极上的电化学行为及其应用

目的研究芦丁在多壁碳纳米管/石墨烯(MWCNTs/GR)杂化纳米材料修饰玻碳电极(GCE)的电化学行为及其含量测定。方法采用循环伏安法(CVs)、线性扫描伏安法(LSV)和示差脉冲伏安法(DPV)研究芦丁在该修饰电极上的电化学行为,并通过DPV测定曲克芦丁片和中药槐米中芦丁的质量分数。结果在优化条件下,芦丁在MWCNTs/GR/GCE上的氧化峰电流(Ipa)与浓度(c)在0.01~50.0μmol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.998 4),检测限为4.6 nmol/L(S/N=3)。结论该修饰电极具有良好的重复性和稳定性,能应用于曲克芦丁片和中药槐米中芦丁的测定。     

基于UPLC结合比色法的葛桑降糖胶囊质量控制研究

目的构建葛桑降糖胶囊的质量控制方法。方法采用比色法测定葛桑降糖胶囊粗多糖、总皂苷和总黄酮含量;采用UPLC建立葛桑降糖胶囊的指纹图谱,测定了10个批次产品;并利用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2012版本)进行相似度评价,确定共有峰。结果 3批次葛桑降糖胶囊中粗多糖平均质量分数为4.56%,总皂苷平均质量分数为2.97%,总黄酮平均质量分数为2.61%;建立了10批次葛桑降糖胶囊的UPLC指纹图谱,确立15个共有峰,经对照品指认出7个共有峰,分别是葛根素、芦丁、三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、商陆苷、人参皂苷Rb1、商陆黄素,对应1、5、8、10、12、14、15号峰。结论此方法可用于葛桑降糖胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC测定二维芦丁片复方制剂中芦丁的溶出度和含量

目的 建立HPLC法测定二维芦丁片中芦丁溶出度和含量的方法。方法 溶出度测定以水（含0.5% SDS）为溶出介质,浆法,转速为75r·min-1,45min取样,取样后采用HPLC测定;含量测定采用Thermo C18柱（4.6mm×250mm,5μm）,以磷酸盐缓冲液(0.lmol·L-1 磷酸二氢钠溶液,用磷酸调节pH 值至4.4)-乙腈（80 : 20)为流动相,检测波长为254nm。结果 溶出度测定：芦丁在22.56～2.26μg·ml-1范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=1.0000） ,芦丁的平均回收率为98.2%（RSD=0.4%）,溶出液稳定,3批样品在45min时平均溶出度均在75%以上并且有较好的均一性;含量测定：线性关系良好,芦丁回收率为100.6% (RSD=0.4%, n=9)。结论 该法简单、准确、重复性好,可用于二维芦丁片中芦丁的溶出度及含量的测定。     

栀子标准汤剂量值传递规律研究

目的 研究栀子饮片到标准汤剂的量值传递规律。方法 收集23批栀子饮片,制备标准汤剂,测定出膏率,建立饮片和标准汤剂的HPLC指纹图谱,采用三重四级杆飞行时间质谱（triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,Triple-Q-TOF/MS）技术对标定的共有峰进行成分鉴定,对采用对照品比对确认的成分进行含量测定,以出膏率、指纹图谱共有峰传递数及峰面积比值变化、成分转移率为指标,分析栀子饮片到标准汤剂的量值传递规律。结果 栀子饮片指纹图谱标定共有峰26个,其中25个传递到了标准汤剂,共有峰个数传递率96.15%,26个共有峰的成分均得到鉴定,其中7个环烯醚萜类成分栀子苷、京尼平龙胆双糖苷、羟异栀子苷、山栀苷、京尼平苷酸、去乙酰车叶草酸甲酯（DAAME）、鸡矢藤次苷甲酯（SME）,2个西红花苷类成分西红花苷I、Ⅱ,2个黄酮类成分芦丁和异槲皮苷,1个单环单萜类成分jasminoside B,1个有机酸类成分绿原酸共计13个成分采用照品比对确认,标准汤剂和饮片共有峰面积比值与成分转移率呈现较好的正向直线关系,7个环烯醚萜类成分合计平均转移率70.90%,其中主要成分栀子苷平均转移率77.16%,西红花苷I、Ⅱ、芦丁、异槲皮苷、jasminoside B、绿原酸平均转移率分别为47.09%、39.56%、63.25%、51.95%、61.42%、75.70%,标准汤剂平均出膏率为28.91%。结论 阐明了栀子标准汤剂量值传递规律,为栀子配方颗粒及含栀子经典名方制剂研究奠定了基础。     

Protective effect of rutin on mercuric chloride-induced reproductive damage in male rats

This study investigated the effects of rutin against reproductive damage caused by toxic mercury in male rats. Thirty-five Sprague Dawley rats were used. Control group was injected with saline for 7 days. The rutin-100 group received 100 mg/kg/b.w. rutin for 7 days. Mercuric chloride (HgCl₂) group received 1.23 mg/kg/b.w. of HgCl₂ for 7 days. Mercury chloride + rutin-50 group received 50 mg/kg/b.w. rutin and HgCl₂ 1.23 mg/kg/b.w. for 7 days. HgCl₂ + rutin-100 group received 100 mg/kg/b.w. rutin and HgCl₂ 1.23 mg/kg/b.w. for 7 days. It was detected that HgCl₂ treatment increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions, necrosis and degeneration of spermatogonium, dead and abnormal sperm percentages; tubular walls thinning; and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities and sperm motility. It was determined that rutin application reduced testicular damage caused by HgCl₂. In conclusion, rutin administration may treat HgCl₂ toxicity in testes.     

HPLC测定桑叶中绿原酸、芦丁和木犀草苷含量

目的建立同时测定桑叶中绿原酸、芦丁和木犀草苷含量的方法。方法样品用70％乙醇溶液提取,采用Phenomenex LunaC18色谱柱（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）分离;流动相：0．1％磷酸-乙腈,梯度洗脱;流速：1：0mL·min^-1;检测波长：348nm。结果绿原酸、芦丁、木犀草苷分别在3．048～152．4,1．059～52．96,1．437-71．85μg·mL一内具有良好的线性关系;加标回收率分别为100．4％,98.3％,98．7％;RSD分别为1．7％,2．0％,1．9％（n=9）。结论该方法简单易行,准确性和重复性好,可用于桑叶的质量控制。     

HPLC-DAD法测定“武当三号金银花”藤中4种有效成分含量

目的：建立HPLC-DAD法测定“武当三号金银花”藤中4种有效成分的含量。方法采用Fortis Xi Phenyl柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相为乙腈（A）-0.5%冰醋酸溶液（B）进行线性梯度洗脱;马钱苷、绿原酸、芦丁、木犀草苷检测波长分别为236、327、354、348 nm;柱温：30℃。结果马钱苷、绿原酸、芦丁、木犀草苷4个化合物在各自测定的范围内均呈良好的线性关系（r≥0.9994）,平均回收率为98.9%-99.9%。结论该法操作简单,灵敏度高,重现性好,为较全面控制“武当三号金银花”藤的质量提供了一种可靠的方法。     

Quality control tests for the crude drug of Conyza filaginoides

Context. Conyza filaginoides (D.C.) Hieron (Asteraceae) is a medicinal Mexican plant highly prized in contemporary Mexico for the treatment of upset stomach and diabetes.

Objective: This work was undertaken to develop a suitable high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detection (DAD) method for quantifying rutin (1), the main active principle from the aerial parts of C. filaginoides.

Materials and methods: The method was performed using a LiChrospher 100 RP-18 column. The mobile phase was water (containing 0.1% phosphoric acid)-methanol-acetonitrile (80:5:15, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2?mL?min^?1.

Results: Limits of detection and quantification were 7.5 and 22.8?μg?mL^?1, respectively. The main recoveries measured at three concentrations were higher than 98%, with RSD <2%. Quantitative analysis of a few samples showed the presence of high concentrations of 1 (3.6?±?0.2?g/100?g of dry plant material). The volatile components were extracted by hydrodistillation or head space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and thereafter analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forty-three chemical constituents representing 90% of the total content of the oil were identified. The major light volatile compounds obtained by HS-SPME revealed a high content of monoterpene hydrocarbons.

Conclusions: A precise, reliable, and accurate analytical HPLC method to detect and quantify 1 in the crude drug and some preparations were developed and fully validated. The volatile components of the plant are described for the first time. The proposed method would be useful for quality control assurance of this important Mexican plant.