A ‘community enterprise’ model for recreational cannabis: Lessons from alcohol licensing trusts in New Zealand

The legalisation of cannabis on the American continent in recent years has reinvigorated calls for cannabis law reform in many countries. Yet researchers have described potentially negative public health and social impacts of profit driven commercial markets for cannabis. Consequently, they have suggested exploring a number of alternative regulatory options, such as “not-for-profit” or “for-benefit” organisations. However, many of these new models are yet to be developed in detail. This paper presents a “community enterprise” model for recreational cannabis based on the alcohol licensing trusts which have existed in New Zealand for many decades. Alcohol licensing trusts are community-owned entities which operate alcohol retail outlets and return a portion of their profits back to local communities in the form of grants, loans and donations. The principal benefits of the “community trust” model are suppressing the commercial incentive to expand the market, establishing statutory obligations to distribute revenue back to the community, and establishing community governance over alcohol sales. The removal of a strong commercial incentive and community accountability may also contribute to lower levels of availability, higher prices and less harm. A further benefit is providing the local community with some oversight of a trust’s commercial activities via community elections of the trust board and the ability to call a “community poll” to vote on the future existence of the trust. Our proposed community cannabis licensing trust model seeks to address some of the challenges experienced by alcohol licensing trusts in New Zealand, including the lack of general oversight and balancing the commercial and social aims of the trusts. A limitation of this model includes a lack of research and evaluation of the existing alcohol licensing trusts and further research in this area would inform the application of the model to cannabis.     

Measurement of pulse oximetry,capnography and pH

The measurement of arterial oxygen saturations, end-tidal carbon dioxide and pH are all key to modern anaesthetic practice. They can all be measured in a variety of ways, but the most common are discussed in this article. The understanding of the underlying physical principles and how the anaesthetist monitors function to measure these variables is discussed in this article, including limitations and inaccuracies of each technique.     

Candour for surgeons: the absence of spin

Doctors are exhorted to be candid with their patients when clinical errors occur. This paper discusses the history of candour in surgical law as well as recommendations resulting from the Mid Staffordshire public inquiry. It also looks at why candour is necessary and where the threshold should lie. Provided surgeons understand that a duty of candour is engaged at a certain threshold of harm, then disclosure of misadventure to patients or their relatives becomes simply a matter for clinical judgement, just in the same way as a surgeon judges which potential operative complications need to be disclosed during the consenting process.     

穴位敏化规律及相关机制的系统科学解析

穴位敏化规律包括基于过程的穴位敏化规律和基于空间的敏化穴位的分布规律,应当从动态过程去认识穴位敏化。试举例说明关于穴位"静息态"与"敏化态"的分界标准,以及穴位敏化的演化过程与对应器官功能变化的演化过程之间的响应关系,但仍需深入研究。穴位敏化是开放的人体自组织系统的一个主动过程,这一主动性使敏化穴位成为了实现"小刺激大效应"的一个基础性的本能环节。以针灸为代表的穴位刺激疗法所具备的双向良性调节、饱和调节、多靶点调节的特征是由人体自组织系统的一系列内在特性所决定的。     

基于文献挖掘及复杂网络探讨寻常性痤疮常见中医证型及核心用药规律＊

目的 运用文献挖掘及复杂网络方法探讨中医治疗寻常性痤疮常见证型及核心用药规律。方法 收集中国期刊全文数据库（China National Knowledge Infrastructure，CNKI）、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库（VIP Database，VIP）、万方数据库（WanFang）、中国生物医学文献数据库（Sinomed）中近15年已公开发表的中医治疗寻常性痤疮核心期刊，对其进行医案提取及规范化后，运用复杂网络方法进行分析。结果 共纳入文献178篇，医案数据195条，涉及中药184味，药性多以寒、微寒为主，药物归经归肺经最多，其次肝经、胃经、心经，药物功效多以清热解毒、清热燥湿、清热凉血为主，常见中医证型及对应核心加减处方4个。结论 系统总结了寻常性痤疮近年发病的主流证型、核心处方及用药规律，为之后的临床辨证用药提供参考及借鉴。     

基于记忆-遗忘规律的健康教育在改善冠心病患者自我管理中的应用研究

目的 探讨基于记忆-遗忘规律的健康教育在改善冠心病患者健康促进生活方式和自我健康管理行为中的影响。方法 选择住院治疗的冠心病患者160例,采用随机数字表法分为观察组(80例)和对照组(80例)。对照组接受常规住院健康教育,观察组接受基于记忆-遗忘曲线规律制定的针对性的健康教育干预。在干预前、干预后使用健康促进生活方式评定量表和冠心病自我管理行为量表,测量两组患者的健康促进生活方式和自我管理行为水平。结果 干预前,两组患者健康促进生活方式和自我健康管理行为水平比较,差异无统计学意义(t=-1.72, 1.88,P值均>0.05)。干预后,观察组健康促进生活方式总分为(83.58±9.54),高于干预前的(63.08±7.11),(t=11.11, P<0.001)。干预前,2组自我管理行为得分比较,差异无统计学意义(t=1.88, P>0.05);干预后,观察组自我管理行为总得分为(118.44±8.42),高于对照组的(99.86±6.49),(t=-15.63, P<0.001)。结论 基于记忆-遗忘规律的健康教育,对冠心病患者健康促进生活方式和自我管理行为有明显改善和提高。     

基于文献的失眠症中医证候和证素分布规律研究

目的基于文献研究,探讨失眠症的中医证候要素分布规律。方法通过检索中国知网数据库(CNKI)、万方数据库、维普全文期刊数据库2009年1月至2018年12月中医药期刊文献所报道的治疗失眠症相关文献,收集统计失眠症中医证候并提取证素信息,利用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计描述分析。结果(1)共检出文献653篇,符合要求317篇,整理后规范证名得到44种中医证候,其中以心脾两虚证、痰热内扰证、肝郁化火证、阴虚火旺证、心肾不交证等频次较高。(2)证素组合规律中以两证素、三证素、四证素组合为主。(3)在单一病性证素中以热(火)、气虚、血虚、阴虚等频次较高;病位证素以肝、心、脾、肾等频次较高。(4)在证素组合时以热(火)+肝、气虚+血虚+心+脾、热(火)+痰、热(火)+阴虚等频次较高。结论失眠症的主要病理因素以热(火)、气虚、血虚、阴虚为主,病位主要以肝、心、脾、肾为主。