Protection against soman-induced seizures in rats: relationship among doses of prophylactics, soman, and adjuncts

The combined effects of physostigmine and procyclidine (antagonizing muscarinic, nicotinic, and NMDA receptors) were tested against various doses of soman. Physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) in combination with procyclidine doses of 1, 3, or 6 mg/kg effectively prevented the development of convulsions and hippocampally monitored seizures when the doses of soman were 1.3, 1.6, or 2 × LD50, respectively. Results from [³H]MK-801-binding experiments showed that procyclidine inhibits the phencyclidine site at the NMDA receptor in a concentration-dependent manner. Physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) and procyclidine in a dose of 1 mg/kg did not prevent convulsions or seizures when the soman dose was 1.6 × LD50. Subsequent treatment with scopolamine in doses of 0.5 or 1 mg/kg immediately after (3 min) seizure onset showed that only the highest dose produced a reliable termination. When scopolamine (1 mg/kg) was given later (10 min) after onset of seizures, no effect was obtained. The sustained seizures were subsequently treated with diazepam (10 mg/kg) and pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) and finally terminated 25 min after onset. In rats given inadequate prophylaxis, both modified convulsions and seizures were seen. It is suggested that moderate doses of prophylactics should be preferred to avoid adverse effects on cognitive functions because insufficient prophylaxis can be compensated for by adjunct treatment.     

Dietary phosphorus reduction by pretreatment of human breast milk with sevelamer

Hyperphosphatemia leading to hyperparathyroidism and ultimately renal osteodystrophy is a well-known complication of chronic renal failure. A new hydrogel binder, sevelamer, has recently become available for use in hyperphosphatemic patients with renal failure. We had previously mixed the capsule with pumped breast milk and formula, but discovered that the hydrogel formed a viscous solution that infants were unable or unwilling to swallow. We therefore evaluated the phosphorus content of fresh and frozen breast milk before and after treating with different doses of sevelamer at different temperatures and for varying lengths of time. The hydrogel bound promptly to phosphorus, reducing the phosphorus content 78% within 5 min. The viscous hydrogel settled to the bottom of the container within 10 min allowing the supernatant to be easily decanted. We also evaluated the breast milk for changes in other electrolytes, osmolality, pH, and macronutrient content. These results show that fresh or frozen breast milk can be safely pretreated with sevelamer without significantly changing its macronutrient or ionic content, with the exception of calcium and protein. The supernatant can be fed to infants or instilled through a gastrostomy tube without difficulty since the viscous hydrogel settles rapidly to the bottom of the container.The Chief, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department, Washington, D.C., Clinical Investigation Program, sponsored this report S03–014 as required by NSHSBETHINST 6000.41A. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the United States Government     

左-卡尼汀对心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

左-卡尼汀又名肉碱,是哺乳动物体内具有多种生理活性的物质,主要功能是促进脂类代谢,是脂肪酸进行β-氧化必不可少的载体,生理情况下,心肌能量主要由脂肪酸进行β-氧化所提供,在心肌缺血时,造成心肌中氧和营养物质的缺乏,心肌左-卡尼汀浓度也因消耗而下降,引起心肌的一系列代谢变化,进而使心肌膜离子的转运障碍、膜损伤、结构破坏。恢复供血时,由于缺血-再灌注损伤使损伤加重。近来有研究认为左-卡尼汀通过不同机制对缺血心肌有保护作用。     

Kinetics of 35S-perazine in the bile fistula rat

Summary Anesthetized male rats with a bile fistula received 25 mg/kg ³⁵S-labeled perazine (Per) i.p. and bile fractions were collected for 4 h. Per and its metabolites were measured in bile, various organs and the residual cadaver by reverse isotope dilution. Nearly half of the administered radioactivity appeared in bile, major metabolites being the glucuronides of hydroxyperazine (OH-Per) and hydroxydesmethylperazine (OH-DMP) and polar non-hydrolyzable conjugates. The fraction of unconjugated compounds contained small quantities of Per and desmethylperazine (DMP). Excretions of total radioactivity, OH-Per glucuronide and polar conjugates were significantly reduced when rats had been pretreated for 7 days with 50 mg/kg Per p.o. When 5 mg/kg ³⁵S-Per was injected into the portal vein of bile fistula rats and bile was collected for 2 h, excretion proceeded faster than in the former case, but the composition of biliary metabolites was the same as in rats treated i.p., and the same effects of Per pretreatment were observed.N-[-(Phenothiazinyl-10)-propyl]-ethylenediamine (PPED) which accumulated upon repeated Per administration was most probably not responsible for the impairment of aromatic hydroxylation, since oral application of PPED did not influence the biliary excretion of OH-Per glucuronide following i.p. dosage with 25 mg/kg Per.The predominant tissue metabolite besides Per was DMP; in liver, also PPED was present in considerable quantities. DMP concentrations in liver and brain were increased by Per pretreatment.Experiments in which OH-Per or DMP was administered to bile fistula rats revealed that OH-DMP was predominantly produced via DMP.It is concluded that pretreatment of rats with Per interferes with the hepatic hydroxylation of Per to OH-Per with subsequent decrease of biliary excretion of its glucuronide.     

高浓度模拟体液仿生合成快速制备羟基磷灰石涂层

采用三种不同的预处理工艺对NiTi合金基体进行活化处理,利用柠檬酸作为缓冲剂配制高浓度模拟体液(Simulated body fluid,SBF)5×SBF1和5×SBF2,通过仿生合成在预处理后的NiTi合金基体上快速形成了钙磷涂层。对钙磷涂层的显微结构、组成和形貌进行了研究,结果表明:涂层呈多孔网状,由直径小于3μm的球形颗粒堆积而成,X射线衍射(XRD)测试显示其主要成分为羟基磷灰石;而缺少晶体生长抑制剂Mg2 和HCO3-的5×SBF高浓度模拟体液则明显地加快了羟基磷灰石涂层的形成。     

小檗碱对家兔颈动脉粥样硬化干预的实验研究

目的　探讨小檗碱对家兔颈动脉粥样硬化形成的干预作用。方法　2 4只日本大耳白家兔随机分成正常组、对照组和小檗碱干预组,正常组8只,普通饲料喂养5周;对照组8只,高脂喂养一周后行颈总动脉内膜空气干燥术,术后继续喂养4周;小檗碱干预组8只,高脂喂养一周后行颈总动脉内膜空气干燥术,术后继续高脂喂养并每日肌肉注射小檗碱,剂量为5 mg/ kg,时间为4周。实验满5周后,行右侧脑血管造影(DSA)术并观察正常组、对照组和小檗碱干预组的颈动脉的病理变化和计算内膜中膜比(I/ M)。结果　正常组的颈动脉的内膜围一层单皮细胞,中膜为规则的平滑肌肌层;对照组内膜明显增厚,中膜变薄,HE染色可见大量泡沫细胞堆积和坏死的物质;小檗碱干预组内膜也有增厚的现象,增厚程度明显小于对照组,HE染色见有泡沫细胞形成,堆积程度小于对照组。DSA发现对照组的颈动脉有不同程度的狭窄,而小檗碱预防组的家兔没有发现明显的颈动脉狭窄。结论　小檗碱可以干预家兔颈动脉粥样硬化的形成过程,延缓粥样硬化的发生。     

心包内肺动脉预置阻断带在肺动脉干受侵肺癌手术中的应用

背景与目的 肺动脉干受侵的局部晚期非小细胞肺癌是肺癌外科难点之一.本研究的目的是探讨心包内肺动脉预置阻断带在心包外肺动脉干受侵肺癌手术中的价值.方法 术前影像学检查和术中探查判定肺动脉受肿瘤侵犯者,术中先行心包切开,游离患侧心包内肺动脉干,预置阻断带.结果 28例患者中18例术中实施了肺动脉阻断.全组病例无术中大出血,肿瘤均完全切除,未行全肺切除术.结论 心包内肺动脉预置阻断带能提高肺动脉干受侵肺癌手术的安全性和肿瘤切除的彻底性,减少全肺切除的施行.     

米非司酮预处理对未破裂输卵管妊娠腹腔镜手术治疗的影响

目的 探讨未破裂输卵管妊娠给予米非司酮预处理后行腹腔镜保守性手术治疗的疗效.方法 按纳入标准选取海南省中医院2010年1月～2011年6月期间收治的70例异位妊娠患者随机分成二组:实验组35例,先口服米非司酮150 mg,每日2次,共2d,d3腹腔镜手术.对照组35例,予抗生素止血药,d3行腹腔镜手术,比较两组的疗效.结果 实验组34例保守性手术成功,手术成功率97.1％,1例因手术中输卵管撕裂而行切除.对照组17例保守性手术成功,手术成功率48.6％,另18例均因输卵管病灶处渗血不止而行切除.实验组较对照组保守性手术成功率高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 米非司酮预处理后再进行腹腔镜保守性手术治疗效果好,保留输卵管成功率高,能有效防止持续性异位妊娠的发生.     

综合心理护理干预对造血干细胞移植患者预处理前焦虑的影响

目的 探讨综合心理护理在造血干细胞移植患者预处理前的应用效果.方法 100例行造血干细胞移植的患者按照完全随机的原则分为观察组和对照组,对照组采用常规护理,观察组在对照组的基础上采用综合心理护理干预,比较两组患者的预处理干预前后的焦虑情况.结果 综合心理护理干预后,观察组焦虑程度显著轻于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 综合心理护理干预有利于减轻造血干细胞移植患者预处理前的焦虑程度,帮助患者减轻心理负担,更好的接受移植治疗.