The significance of somatosensory stimulations to the human foot in the control of postural reflexes

 The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible pathways in the somatosensory system that relate to the postural reflexes in the leg muscles during a sudden, toes-up platform rotation. The inputs to the cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the sole of the foot as well as to the joint receptors in the ankle joint were modulated by standing on different supporting surfaces and by immobilizing the ankle joints; and three leg muscle responses (characterized by short latency, medium latency, and long latency) to the platform movement were recorded in 15 healthy young subjects. It was found that: (1) the short latency was not affected by the changes in either plantar pressure or ankle joint movement; (2) the medium latency was regulated by the plantar pressures under the foot, as sensed by the cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the sole of the foot, and by the ankle joint movement, as perceived by the joint receptors in the ankle joint; (3) the long latency was also related to the ankle joint movement, but this relation seems to be modulated by the plantar pressures under the foot; and (4) both medium and long latencies were well correlated with the time derivative of the pressure difference between the forefoot and the rear foot regions (r=0.7), as well as with the static pressure in the antagonist foot region (r>0.6). Received: 12 January 1996 / Accepted: 30 September 1996     

男子下蹲式抓举技术动作的生物力学特征分析

目的研究不同抓举重量下男子抓举技术动作的生物力学特征。方法利用8通道EMG测量系统、三维测力平衡系统和数码摄像机,对上海市举重队现役男子举重运动员在不同重量下抓举过程中的8块具有代表性的浅层骨骼肌的表面肌电、足底反力和抓举视频做同步采集。结果不同抓举重量下举重运动员的足底反力变化曲线趋势一致,基于足底反力曲线中的特征点对抓举技术动作阶段可划分为7个阶段,预备阶段、伸膝提铃阶段、引膝提铃阶段、发力阶段、惯性上升阶段、下降定铃阶段和起立阶段。抓举过程中肌群活动的时间顺序为:背阔肌、竖脊肌、肌直肌、三角肌、肱三头肌、胫骨前肌、肱二头肌和斜方肌。其中,斜方肌的积分肌电值最大,背阔肌的积分肌电值最小。随着抓举重量的增加,肱三头肌和三角肌的积分肌电值增加最大。结论为提高举重运动员抓举项目的比赛成绩,运动员应该重视斜方肌、肱三头肌和三角肌的训练。     

The hippocampus and neurotransplantation

The present article is a review of our own results from histological and electron microscopic studies of hippocampal neurotransplants with different levels of integration with recipient brains. A model providing complete isolation from the brain was obtained using transplants developing in the anterior chamber of the eye. The growth, development, and cytological composition of transplanted tissue was found to depend on factors such as the age of the donor embryo tissue, the genetic compatibility between the donor and recipient, and the level of integration with the brain. Ultrastructural analysis of intraocular and intracortical transplants showed that overall, nerve and glial cells have the characteristics of highly differentiated, mature elements; the numerical density and structures of synaptic contacts were similar to those in normal conditions. However, transplanted tissues contained morphological features providing evidence of continuing growth of several nerve processes and increases in non-synaptic and transport-metabolic intercellular interactions. The ultrastructural deviations observed here are regarded as the manifestations of compensatory-adaptive changes during the development of tissues in conditions deficient in natural afferent synaptic influences. It is also demonstrated that the axons of transplanted neurons lacking adequate cellular targets can establish functional synaptic contacts with neuronal elements in the recipient brain which are not their normal targets.Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 149–162, March–April, 2004.     

Dynamometer for rat plantar flexor musclesin vivo

A dynamometer is designed and fabricated to measure the force output during static and dynamic muscle actions of the plantar flexor muscles of anaesthetised rats in vivo. The design is based on a computer-controlled DC servomotor capable of angular velocities in excess of 17.5 rad s⁻¹. The system controls the range of motion, angular velocity and electrical stimulation of the muscles, while monitoring the force output at the plantar surface of the foot. The force output is measured by a piezo-electric load cell that is rated at 5 kg capacity. Angular velocity and position are measured by a DC tachometer and potentiometer, respectively. All measurement devices are linear (r²=0.9998). The design minimises inertial loading during high-speed angular motions, with a variation in force output of less than 0.2%. The dynamometer proves to be an accurate and reliable system for quantifying static and dynamic forces of rat plantar flexor muscles in vivo.     

颈深筋膜及筋膜间隙的薄层断面解剖及三维重建

目的　明确颈深筋膜的分层及筋膜间隙的位置、毗邻 ,为颈深筋膜间隙的影像识别与分析提供参考 ,为临床诊治感染蔓延、肿瘤侵润提供解剖学依据。　方法　采用低温冰冻和生物塑化技术用 17例标本 ,制作了颈部连续薄层横断面 ,对颈深筋膜及筋膜间隙进行了观测。从颈部薄层塑化断面标本上 ,用双线提取间隙轮廓的方法 ,在SGI工作站上对颈深筋膜间隙进行三维重建。　结果　 1.颈深筋膜应分为四层 ,颈深筋膜深层分为翼筋膜和椎前筋膜 ,颈深筋膜各层均参与颈动脉鞘的形成。 2 .颈动脉间隙是一开放的间隙 ,其后外侧与颈后间隙相通 ;证实了危险间隙的存在。 3.重建出咽后间隙、颈动脉间隙和内脏间隙的三维图像 ,并能同时显示间隙内的主要结构。结论　得出了颈深筋膜和筋膜间隙的模式图 ,并为筋膜间隙的三维重建提供了一种新的方法。     

Lipoma of the temporal region: a rare case series

Lipomas are common benign tumours that can occur in most parts of the body. Lipomas arising from the deep temporal fat pad, found between the two layers of the deep temporal fascia, are rare, however; there has been only one documented case report to our knowledge. We describe a second case arising from the temporal fat pad in a patient treated at our unit, having previously reported the first one, and discuss the relevant anatomy and management.     

男性泌尿生殖层的层面解剖及其临床意义研究

目的 观察并描述男性泌尿生殖层的层面解剖学形态,探讨该层面在结直肠手术中的临床意义。
方法 采用层面解剖学方法解剖10具男性尸体躯干与20具盆腔标本,系统地描述泌尿生殖层的解剖形态,并与相应腹腔镜下解剖结构相比较。结果 男性泌尿生殖层为泌尿生殖筋膜包被,整体结构可分3段--腹段、盆段和精索段。泌尿生殖层腹段头侧由泌尿生殖筋膜紧密愈着于膈下筋膜,外侧与腹横筋膜间形成侧锥筋膜,其腹侧为原始体腔膜形成的后腹膜以及后腹膜与腹内脏器固有筋膜形成的融合筋膜,背侧为腰肌筋膜;腹段在肠系膜下动脉以下,形成位于腹主动脉与下腔静脉前方的独立层面,在盆腔入口处延续为位于中央的盆段和位于两侧的精索段。精索段外侧界为精索血管,内侧界为输尿管,前界为输精管,外被泌尿生殖筋膜,形似三角,经由内环外出至腹股沟管,延伸至睾丸。盆段入盆后包绕在直肠周围下行,直肠后方的泌尿生殖层约在骶4椎体前方融汇于直肠固有筋膜,其内走行腹下神经;直肠侧方泌尿生殖层内为下腹下神经丛以及输尿管、输精管走行,泌尿生殖筋膜脏层覆盖其内侧表面,行向直肠前方,终于精囊腺-前列腺交界,泌尿生殖筋膜壁层覆盖于下腹下神经、输尿管背侧及外侧,下行与膀胱固有筋膜融汇。结论 泌尿生殖层各段构成结肠、直肠周围毗邻层面,该解剖结构对于结直肠手术具有重要的指导意义。     

Pedobarographic outcome after subtalar screw arthroereisis in flexible juvenile flatfoot

BackgroundFlatfoot is a frequent skeletal deformity in childhood that can be minimally invasively treated by arthroereisis. Question: Does the motion of juvenile flexible flatfoot normalize after arthroereisis?MethodPedographic measurements were obtained from 39 patients preoperatively, six months postoperatively and compared to a healthy group. The footprints were divided into 8 areas. The selected parameters were: contact area and force-time-integral.ResultsAfter surgery, a load shift from the medial to the lateral areas was detected under the midfoot and forefoot. The force-time-integral under the hallux normalized. However, under the lateral midfoot, the postoperative force-time-integral was significantly higher than in the control group.SignificanceThe study shows that arthroereisis is able to correct the medially displaced load distribution of juvenile flexible flatfoot. However, further investigations are required to find out if the higher punctual loading under the lateral midfoot may cause problems in the long term.