伴有肋骨侵入椎管的Ⅰ型神经纤维瘤病营养不良型脊柱侧后凸的手术治疗

【摘要】 目的：探讨对伴有肋骨侵入椎管的Ⅰ型神经纤维瘤病营养不良型脊柱侧后凸（neurofibromatosis kyphoscoliosis type 1,NFK-1）患者行单纯后路矫形手术的安全性和早期临床治疗效果。方法：2003年2月~2013年4月共收治8例伴肋骨侵入椎管的Ⅰ型神经纤维瘤病患者,男6例,女2例;年龄7~24岁,平均12.9岁。所有病例肋骨侵入椎管内节段均在侧凸顶点附近1个椎体节段,术前肋骨椎管占位比平均32.86%。其中7例接受单纯后路矫形融合术,1例接受生长棒矫形,均未对突入椎管内肋骨进行直接干预。回顾性分析患者术前、术后及随访时的X线片、CT、脊髓造影后CT（CTM）或MRI,对侧后凸Cobb角、躯干偏移等参数进行测量和分析;同时复习病历,记录围手术期的并发症。结果：手术时间平均为3.3h,术中出血量平均为460ml。固定节段平均为10.1个节段。手术前后胸段冠状面Cobb角分别为67.00°和34.38°,平均矫形率为48.7%。矢状面Cobb角分别为62.50°和31.25°,平均矫形率为49.9%。平均随访时间22.9个月,末次随访时主胸弯冠状面Cobb角及矢状面Cobb角分别为35.75°和33.38°。手术前、后及随访时冠状面躯干平衡分别为35.88mm、15.63mm和14.00mm;矢状位躯干平衡分别为35.13mm、18.13mm和15.50mm。手术前、后椎体旋转度分别为2.25°和1.88°,顶椎偏距分别为49.38mm和35.81mm。7例患者术后复查CT肋骨椎管占位比由术前33.36%减小为术后26.57%;2例肋骨位置未见明显变化,5例肋骨不同程度复位。2例患者术前有胸痛症状,术后胸痛症状均缓解;1例术前右下肢巴氏征（+）、踝阵挛（+）,术后3个月随访病理征转阴性,无神经系统并发症。结论：对于无神经损害症状伴有肋骨侵入椎管内的Ⅰ型神经纤维瘤病脊柱侧后凸患者,对胸段脊柱直接矫形是安全、有效的。     

Severe Thoracic and Spinal Bone Abnormalities in neurofibromatosis type 1

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant, multi-system, neurocutaneous disorder that predisposes to the development of benign and malignant tumors. Classical skeletal abnormalities encompass sphenoid wing dysplasia, congenital bowing of the long bones and vertebral osteopathy associated with non-dystrophic or dystrophic scoliosis found in about 10% of NF1 patients. We report a 17-year-old boy affected by NF1 with extreme severe spinal and thoracic malformations affecting bone and lung tissues, including hypoplasia of the right lung, unilateral costal agenesis and severe dystrophic scoliosis characterized by association of hemivertebra, fusion of adjacent vertebral bodies and defective pedicles. At birth, he presented an acute respiratory distress requiring invasive ventilator support. The diagnosis of NF1 was confirmed at age 5 by the identification of a de novo heterozygous mutation c.4537C > T, p.Arg1513* in NF1. Trio-based Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) was performed to exclude coexistence of a second hit but no clearly other pathogenic variant has been identified. Until now, only one similar NF1 patient suffering from the same association of severe scoliosis and chest deformity leading to respiratory insufficiency was described. The severe prenatal NF1-related scoliosis could explain the lung abnormal development by absence of mechanical constraints. Severe Thoracic and Spinal Bone Abnormalities may be part of the NF1 bone phenotype and should be taken into account to allow adequate genetic counseling.     

Treatment of sphenoid dysplasia with a titanium-reinforced porous polyethylene implant in orbitofrontal neurofibroma: Report of three cases

Orbital manifestations occur in less than 1% of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). These manifestations are frequently associated with sphenoid wing dysplasia. The typical radiologic feature is partial or total loss of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, which leads to herniation of the temporal lobe through the orbital cavity resulting in proptosis and pulsating exophthalmos. Traditional reconstruction of this bone defect involves split bone grafting or titanium mesh. However, these techniques have some limitations due to bone resorption and infection risk. We report the use of 0.85 mm titanium-reinforced porous polyethylene implant sheet in three cases of orbital neurofibromatosis with sphenoid dysplasia. The role of this material was to create a barrier between the brain and orbital cavity. The implant sheet was modeled intraoperatively to reconstruct the orbital cavity anatomy and fitted without any screws. The malleability of the implant allows quick reconstruction of the curved orbital skeleton. Furthermore, the implant doesn't interfere with postoperative imaging and may decrease risk infection.     

Complex epileptic (Foix–Chavany–Marie like) syndrome in a child with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and bilateral (opercular and paracentral) polymicrogyria

The association of brain malformations and symptomatic epilepsy in the setting of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is rarely reported. When it occurs, patients can present clinically with infantile spasms, focal seizures, generalized tonic clonic seizures or atypical absences. We report on a 10-year-old (molecularly proven) NF1 girl manifesting a complex epileptic syndrome resembling the Foix–Chavany–Marie spectrum (also known as opercular syndrome) associated with bilateral (opercular and paracentral lobular) polymicrogyria (PMG). Anecdotal cases of unilateral PMG in the setting of NF1 have been described in association with other-than-opercular epileptic syndromes. The typical clinical opercular syndrome consisting in mild mental retardation, epilepsy and pseudobulbar palsy is usually associated to bilateral perisylvian PMG (BPP)
Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, the complex epileptic syndrome hereby reported has not been previously recorded in the setting of NF1. In addition, the present girl manifested all the clinical features of an opercular syndrome but had an asymmetrical PMG (not a BPP).     

Renovascular disease and hypertension in children with neurofibromatosis

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is associated with vascular lesions, such as renal artery stenosis, and secondary hypertension. The real prevalence is largely unknown, particularly in children. We observed 27 patients with NF1, mean age 12.8 years (range 4.2–24 years), for 2–10 years to assess the association of NF1 with vascular abnormalities and secondary hypertension. Patients were studied with angiography, 24-h blood pressure monitoring, a captopril test, and Doppler ultrasonography of aorta and renal arteries. The prevalence of hypertension was 18.5%; 61.5% of patients studied with angiography had vascular lesions, half of whom were apparently normotensive. However, they had abnormal 24-h blood pressure monitoring, which was a first sign of poor blood pressure control. Those patients with severe hypertension (11.1%) were successfully treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA); stenosis recurred in 2 of 3 patients after a 2-year follow-up period, and was responsive to drugs. We conclude that hypertension is a frequent complication of NF1 in pediatric patients, it is usually secondary to typical vascular lesions, and requires careful follow-up. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (24-h) is a sensitive method for detecting initial alterations of the blood pressure pattern. PTA may be an effective treatment in this condition. Received: 2 June 1999 / Revised: 1 November 1999 / Accepted: 1 November 1999     

Multiple coronary artery aneurysms in a child with neurofibromatosis type 1

A number of frequently unrecognised vascular manifestations have been described in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), including involvement of the great vessels, cerebral, visceral and renal arteries. Rarely, changes in the coronary arteries have been reported in adults with NF1. We report on a 16-year-old boy affected by NF1 with dysmorphic features and three aneurysms in the mid-portion of the left descending coronary artery disclosed by chance during investigation for a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour. Molecular analysis detected a gross de novo deletion in the NF1 gene. The boy had had no previous cardiac symptoms but died suddenly after developing signs and symptoms suggestive of myocardial infarction. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report of multiple lesions in the coronary arteries in a child affected by neurofibromatosis type 1 with a known deletion of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene. Received: 11 November 1999 and in revised form: 9 January 2000 / Accepted: 9 January 2000     

多发性脑膜瘤32例报告

目的探讨多发性脑膜瘤的发生、分类、诊断与治疗。方法对32例多发性脑膜瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析研究。结果32例多发性脑膜瘤包括原发多发18例,术后多发7例,合并神经纤维瘤病4例,脑膜瘤病1例,合并垂体瘤、合并胶质瘤各1例。全部采取手术治疗,治愈25例,好转7例。结论各类多发性脑膜瘤的发生学不同,雌激素可能在其发生中起重要作用;多数患者可一期切除全部肿瘤,由于多数患者对多次手术有较好的耐受性,不能一期切除的肿瘤应尽可能分期切除;各类多发性脑膜瘤的治疗原则和预后不同。     

Blood pressure and cardiovascular involvement in children with neurofibromatosis type1

We evaluated blood pressure in a sample of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), to determine whether ABPM, when compared with casual BP recordings, allowed the detection of a higher risk for hypertension. We also evaluated the correlation between BP and vascular abnormalities. We studied 69 NF1 patients (36 males and 33 females) with a mean age of 11±4 years, divided into group A, with 24-h mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) <95th percentile, and group B, with mean SBP or DBP >95th percentile. Standard electrocardiography and M-mode, two-dimensional echocardiography were performed and all patients were in sinus rhythm. ABPM identified 11 hypertensive patients (16%); 5 had a mean SBP >95th percentile, 3 mean SBP–DBP >95th percentile, and 3 a mean DBP >95th percentile. Laboratory and other investigations to exclude secondary hypertension were normal. Cardiac abnormalities were found in 13 of the 69 patients (18.8%) with NF1. There were no significant clinical and cardiac differences between the normotensive and hypertensive group. Our data emphasize the importance of periodic ABPM in NF1 patients to diagnose hypertension early and avoid target organ damage and increased mortality.