"催眠态"与"气功态"脑运动皮质低频活动差异的初步研究

目的:研究催眠态和气功态下脑运动皮质的低频同步活动,探讨催眠态与气功态对脑功能皮质活动的不同效应。材料和方法:研究对象为1例28岁的健康女性志愿者,右利手。采用气功入静和催眠诱导分别进入气功态和催眠态。研究采用GEsigna VH/i3.0T磁共振扫描机,先后进行无任务(静息态、催眠态和气功态)和运动任务的BOLD序列扫描。图像的处理先以运动任务获得的运动皮质定位作为种子对三种状态的功能图像做交互相关分析,获得脑功能连接的激活图,然后对这些激活的体素采用功率谱分析,获得相应的优势频率和能量。结果:脑功能低频连接激活体素的数量在静息态、催眠态、气功态间没有明显差异,但通过功率谱分析,催眠态主要表现为优势频率能量的升高,而气功态则主要表现为优势频率的增加。结论:气功态和催眠态下脑运动皮质的低频活动存在一定的差异,提示两种状态有通过不同的途径产生效应,但其生理基础有待于进一步研究。     

不同低浓度罗哌卡因低位硬膜外镇痛对运动神经阻滞的临床观察

目的 观察不同低浓度罗哌卡因（ropivacaine,Rop）低位硬膜外镇痛对运动神经的阻滞作用。探讨罗哌卡因低位硬膜外镇痛的最佳药物浓度。方法 随机选择我院67例下腹部择期手术患者，术后随机分为5个治疗组（A、B、C、D、E）和一个对照组（F），3h后硬膜外腔用药。前5组使用不同浓度罗哌卡因（A：0.1%;B:0.15%;C:0.2%;D:0.25%;E:0.3%），F组使用0.9%生理盐水。注药前后20分钟分别观察、记录以下项目：1.视觉模拟评分（Visual analogue scale,VAS）；2.阻滞区运动神经反射；3. 下肢指令运动。结果 不同低浓度罗哌卡因均有程度不同的术后镇痛作用。对运动神经的阻滞作用A、B、C三组与对照组无显著性差异（P＞0.05），而D、E两组有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。结论 选择浓度为0.2%的罗哌卡因低位硬膜外镇痛既可以有效地发挥术后镇痛作用，又最大程度地减少了对运动神经的阻滞作用，有利患者术后恢复。     

Organization of the trigeminal and facial motor nuclei in the hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri: a retrograde HRP study

We studied the trigeminal and facial motor nuclei of the hagfish by the retrograde HRP method. We distinguished 4 components in a single column of the motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve and the facial nerve, viz., the pars magnocellularis of the trigeminal motor nucleus (mVm), the anterior part of the pars parvocellularis of the trigeminal motor nucleus (mVp1), the posterior part of the pars parvocellularis of the trigeminal motor nucleus (mVp2) and the facial motor nucleus (mVII). Although in Nissl preparations only the mVm could be distinguished from the rest of the nucleus, the boundaries of the other 3 components were clearly demarcated in HRP preparations. Intramuscular injections into two representative antagonistic jaw muscles revealed that there was no apparent topological organization of the neurons pertaining to the opening and closing muscles in the mVm and mVp1, but both antagonistic muscles were innervated bilaterally. Although the hagfish does possess a cartilaginous jaw, the organization pattern of the motor nuclei of the jaw muscles seems to be the most primitive of all living vertebrates.     

Stimulation by mitogens and neuronal membranes of lymphocytes from patients with motor neurone disease

Stimulation of lymphocytes from motor neurone disease patients by either concanavalin A or PHA was shown to be significantly depressed relative to that from normal controls, as assayed by incorporation of [3H]thymidine or [3H]leucine or by glucose uptake. Corresponding significant differences were not shown by assays based upon incorporation of [3H]uridine or of lactate release. Lymphocytes from 4 out of 14 motor neurone disease patients showed a blastogenic response to membranes from rat spinal cord cells, compared with those from 0 out of 9 normal controls. These results not only suggest the possibility of an impaired cellular immune control in MND patients but also indicate the presence of lymphocytes sensitised specifically to neuronal membrane components.     

Recovery profile of single motoneurons after electrical stimuli in man

The H-reflex of 120 soleus motoneurons was recorded using fibre EMG. The recovery profile of these motoneurons was studied during monitoring surface H-reflex records in 28 adult subjects. The spectrum of motoneurons tested was homogeneous with two extremes of neurons having different characteristics. A motoneuron population (forming about 69% of our sample) had a high threshold level for electrical stimuli, short recovery time, and short recovery fringe time (called type A). A second population of motoneurons (forming about 20-30% of our sample) had a low threshold level for electrical stimuli, long recovery fringe time (called type B). During an isometric muscle contraction every motoneuron showed an early shift in recovery time (i.e. each had a shorter recovery time) with shortened recovery fringe time. These changes were larger for motoneurons type B than motoneurons type A. With paired identical electrical stimuli of varying interstimulus intervals a motoneuron may fire in response to the conditioning and test stimuli giving an H2, but not in response to both stimuli. This occurred for interstimulus intervals of 4-11 ms. A strong inhibition period was recorded with interstimulus intervals of 12-80 ms in which all motoneurons did not show any recovery. Most motoneurons recovered in orderly fashion between 80 and 300 ms of interstimulus interval, and this recovery coincided with the fast recovery recorded in surface H-reflex. All motoneurons were recovered by 3000 ms of interstimulus intervals. These findings emphasize the importance of eliciting the H-reflex every 3-5 s in H-reflex methodology in order to be assured that all excited motoneurons have been recovered.     

小儿注射性坐骨神经损伤的脊髓运动诱发电位诊断

目的利用肌电图常规电刺激器测定脊髓运动诱发电位（MEP）技术，建立小儿注射性坐骨神经损伤诊断的新方法。方法采用英国Medelec公司生产的MS6型肌电图机，刺激器采用本机所配刺激器，刺激电压250～300mv，脉宽0．5～1ms。刺激电极为表面鞍型电极。刺激部位：负极处于L1棘突间，正极处于其上方。刺激方式为单次手动触发。记录部位为健、患侧胫前肌群及腓肠肌群。记录电极采用2支单极针电极。结果7例患儿主要异常形式表现为：诱发波的振幅降低，潜伏时延迟。结论测定表明该方法具有直接测定损伤段神经，异常表现出现早等优点。     

Fusimotor reflexes to antagonistic muscles simultaneously assessed by multi-afferent recordings from muscle spindle afferents

Several single agonist/antagonist primary muscle spindle afferents were simultaneously recorded in chloralose anaesthetized cats. It was shown that their dynamic and static sensitivity to sinusoidal muscle stretches could be increased or decreased via the fusimotor system by extension and flexion of the contralateral hind limb as well as by stretch of ipsilateral muscles and stimulation of ipsilateral skin nerves. The results seem to support the hypothesis that the primary muscle spindle afferents convey complex multisensory messages to the central nervous system (CNS).     

磁刺激运动诱发电位在腰椎间盘突出所致的腰骶神经根病变中的应用研究

在35例有L5和／或S1神经根损害表现的腰椎间盘突出患者腰椎区进行磁刺激运动诱发电位（MEP）检查，测定、记录胫前肌、展肌和小趾展肌MEP的起始潜伏期（OL）。结果显示，35例中至少有一条总侧肌肉MEP异常33例（94．3％）。在L4－5椎间盘突出中，以胫前肌的MEP异常为主；在L5－S1椎间盘突出中，以小趾展肌的MEP异常为主。表明腰椎区MEP检查对腰椎间盘突出所致的腰骶神经根病变较为敏感，可为临床诊断提供可靠依据并有助于定位诊断。     

Pharmacological characterization of performance on a concurrent lever pressing/feeding choice procedure: effects of dopamine antagonist,cholinomimetic, sedative and stimulant drugs

This experiment was undertaken to provide a pharmacological characterization of performance on a task involving food-related instrumental and consummatory behavior. Rats were tested in an operant chamber in which there was a choice between pressing a lever to receive a preferred food (Bioserve pellets) or approaching and consuming a less-preferred food (Lab Chow). The lever pressing schedule was a fixed ratio 5 (FR5). Rats usually pressed the lever at high rates to obtain the preferred food, and typically ate little of the lab chow even though it was freely available in the chamber concurrently with the lever pressing schedule. Previous work has shown that injection of dopamine (DA) antagonists, or depletion of DA in the nucleus accumbens, caused a substantial shift in behavior such that lever pressing was reduced but chow consumption increased. In the present study it was shown that the DA antagonist haloperidol decreased lever pressing and increased chow consumption at doses of 0.1 and 0.15 mg/kg. The D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 mg/kg) and the non-selective DA antagonistcis-flupenthixol (0.3 and 0.45 mg/kg) decreased lever pressing and produced substantial increases in chow consumption. The D2 antagonist sulpiride decreased lever pressing, but produced only slight increases in chow intake at the highest dose. Pentobarbital reduced lever pressing and increased chow consumption at 10.0 mg/kg. The muscarinic agonist pilocarpine produced dose-related decreases in lever pressing, but failed to increase chow consumption. Amphetamine produced dose-related decreases in both lever pressing and chow consumption. These results indicate that low/moderate doses of the DA antagonists haloperidol,cis-flupenthixol and SCH 23390 can suppress lever pressing in doses that leave the animal directed towards food acquisition and consumption.