胸痹心痛病因病机研究述评

目的：探讨胸痹心痛病因病机及其各证型与临床检测指标相关性。方法：收集整理并归纳、总结古今中外关于胸痹心痛病因病机理论研究、冠心病的病理机制及危险因素研究以及胸痹心痛各证型与临床检测指标相关性的研究资料。结果：胸痹心痛相当于西医的冠心病,系因胸阳不振,阴寒痰浊留踞胸廓,或心气不足,鼓动乏力,使气血痹阻,心失血养所致,以胸闷及发作性心胸疼痛为主要表现的内脏痹病类疾病。病机上焦阳虚,阴邪上乘,邪正相搏。现代医学研究表明,冠心病的发生与炎症反应、超敏C-反应蛋白、D-二聚体、胱抑素-C、热休克蛋白60、冠心病易感基因、脂联素等密切相关。关于胸痹心痛各证型与临床检测指标相关性研究方面,学者们做了很多有益的尝试并取得可喜进展,但观点并不统一。结论：胸痹心痛各证型与临床检测指标相关性方面,有待进一步研究。     

Maturing Out of Narcotic Addiction in New York City

The effect of methadone maintenance on criminal behavior remains ambiguous, in part because of major methodological problems with most studies. We attempted to approach the problem more precisely than previous studies by comparing official police arrest records of 100 heroin addicts for 1 year before admission with those for 1 year after admission. The total number of criminal charges decreased from 189 before admission to 129 after admission. Excluding vagrancy, because of a change in police arrest practice, we found only a 14% reduction in criminal charges. A statistically significant decrease of 40% occurred in one category, burglary and theft. Arrest frequencies were generally correlated with other outcome measures such as employment status and continuation in methadone treatment. The results suggest a modest reduction in criminal behavior as a result of methadone maintenance, with insignificant reduction in crime not directly related to narcotic addiction.     

Prognostic indicators of lenalidomide for multiple myeloma: consensus and controversy

The long-term outcome of multiple myeloma (MM) has been greatly improved through new agents, one being lenalidomide (LEN). Based upon the findings of in vitro experiments, its mode of action against MM occurs through a combination of direct tumoricidal effects on myeloma cells, modulatory effects on tumor immunity and tumor microenvironment-regulatory effects. However, it has not been clearly defined whether the clinical response and long-term outcome of MM with LEN treatment truly reflect the mechanisms of action of LEN proposed by in vitro studies. To ascertain what is known and what remains to be elucidated with LEN, we review the current literature on the mode of action of LEN in association with myeloma pathophysiology, and discuss the prognostic indicators in the treatment of MM with LEN.     

Predictors,costs, and causes of readmission after surgery for sinonasal cancer: a national perspective

Background

Hospital readmissions are an increasingly scrutinized marker of surgical care delivery and quality. There is a paucity of information in the literature regarding the rate, risk factors, and common causes of readmission after surgery for sinonasal cancer.

Methods

We analyzed the Nationwide Readmissions Database for patients who underwent surgery for a diagnosis of sinonasal cancer between 2010 and 2014. Rates, causes, and patient‐, procedure‐, and hospital‐level risk factors for 30‐day readmission were determined. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors of 30‐day readmission.

Results

Among the 4173 cases, the 30‐day readmission rate was 11.6%, with an average cost per readmission of $18,403. The most common readmission diagnoses were wound complications (15.3%) and infections (13.4%). On multivariate regression, significant risk factors for readmission were chronic renal failure (odds ratio [OR], 2.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41‐6.17), involvement of the skull base or orbit (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.11‐2.51), nonelective initial surgical admission (OR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.42‐3.89), and length of stay ≥7 days (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.14‐3.05).

Conclusion

Through the use of a large national database, we found that approximately 1 in 9 patients undergoing surgery for sinonasal cancer was readmitted within 30 days. Readmissions were most commonly associated with wound complications and infections. Factors related to procedural complexity were more important predictors of readmission than patients’ demographics or comorbidities.

     

Prognostic value of troponins in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes and chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND: The prognostic value of cardiac troponins (cTn) in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is debated. HYPOTHESIS: We tested the performance of cTnI and cTnT for risk stratification in patients with CKD and evaluated the prognostic significance of cTnI and cTnT elevations by their magnitude across the range of CKD severity. METHODS: We examined correlations among cTn elevation, CKD, and in-hospital mortality in 31,586 high-risk patients with NSTE ACS included in the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress ADverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines initiative (CRUSADE). Cardiac tropinins I and T levels were categorized as ratios of each site's upper limit of normal (ULN) for myocardial necrosis: normal (cTn ratio < or =1 x ULN), mild (cTn ratio > 1-3 x ULN), and major (cTn ratio > 3 x ULN) elevation. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Stages of CKD were categorized as normal to mild (eGFR > 60 mL/min), moderate (eGFR 30-60 mL/min), or severe (eGFR < 30 mL/min). RESULTS: Mortality increased more steeply across CKD stages (2.0%-12.9%) than across cTn ratio categories (2.7%-5.4%). In normal or mild CKD, mortality was low regardless of cTn elevations. In moderate CKD, mortality increased incrementally with cTnI (3.3% versus 5.4% versus 7.4%) and cTnT (3.7% versus 5.3% versus 7.3%) elevation. Among severe CKD patients, only major cTn elevations further distinguished risk (cTnI: 10.1% versus 9.7% versus 14.6%; cTnT: 7.0% versus 5.7% versus 14.0%). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CKD, cTnI and cTnT perform equally in differentiating short-term prognosis following NSTE ACS; however, the prognostic impact of cTn is dependent upon the degree of CKD severity.     

Usefulness of a state-legislated,comparative database to evaluate quality in colorectal surgery

PURPOSE: Colorectal surgery, a high-volume procedure, has been targeted for performance improvement to reduce length of stay. Specific postoperative quality indicators and readmission rates should be analyzed concomitantly to assure that adverse events are not associated with earlier discharge. METHODS: From July 1, 1990, to June 30, 1997, 1,218 consecutive patients who underwent transabdominal colorectal surgery were analyzed for length of stay, mortality, morbidity, and discharge disposition. Each patient was assigned an Admission Severity Group rating 0 to 4 using a hospital-based state-legislated software system (Atlas) to validate comparative performance internally and externally. Readmission data within 120 days of discharge were available for the last 678 consecutive patients from July 1, 1993, to June 30, 1997, using Lastword (computerized medical records). RESULTS: The annual frequencies of the 1,218 procedures were 173, 183, 175, 146, 167, 189, and 185, respectively, from July 1990 through June 1997. Severity distribution was 32 for Admission Severity Group 0, 517 for Admission Severity Group 1, 540 for Admission Severity Group 2, 128 for Admission Severity Group 3, and 1 for Admission Severity Group 4, with no annual difference (P=0.012). There was a significant reduction in total length of stay of 3.1 (12.9–9.8) days during the seven years (P=0.001). The overall operative mortality rate was 1.4 percent, and the morbidity was 2.6 percent, with no annual differences (P=0.655 andP=0.033, respectively). The disposition to home did not change (P=0.21). Of the 678 patients followed up for readmission, 100 (14.7 percent) were readmitted within 120 days, with no annual difference (P=0.302). CONCLUSION: Mortality, morbidity, disposition, and readmission rates were not affected by a decreased length of stay after colorectal surgery.Presented at the Research Forum at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, San Antonio, Texas, May 2 to 7, 1998.     

连续性血液净化对重症急性胰腺炎患者血清疾病相关指标的影响

目的探讨连续性血液净化对重症胰腺炎患者血清疾病相关指标的影响。方法收集重症胰腺炎患者60例,按照简单数字法随机分为观察组和对照组各60例,对照组采用传统常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗的基础上应用连续性血液净化,分别在治疗1d、3d、7d检测比较两组患者血清炎性指标、血清淀粉酶、血清尿素氮及动脉血气分析。结果同组治疗前后比较,观察组患者血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6、血清淀粉酶及尿素氮水平均显著下降(P<0.05),动脉血气分析显示血液PH值和HCO-3值均改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,观察组患者血清血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6、血清淀粉酶及尿素氮水平均显著下降(P<0.05);动脉血气分析显示其PH值和HCO-3值变化显著,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论连续性血液净化治疗重症胰腺炎,能有效清除血液中的炎性介质、血清淀粉酶及血清尿素氮,能改善患者酸中毒,对疾病的进展和预后均有较好改善,且较传统常规疗法有效,可在临床推广应用。     

护理敏感质量指标在手术相关压疮管理中的应用及效果评价

摘要：目的 应用护理敏感质量指标进行五官科手术室压力性损伤管理的改进,以期降低手术室压力性损伤发生率。方法 将手术室压力性损伤发生率作为护理敏感质量指标进行监测,每月收集压力性损伤发生相关数据,通过对数据监测及相关信息的统计、分析,了解其发生特征及影响因素,采取针对性的预防和管理措施并评价效果。结果 敏感指标应用后显著降低手术室压力性损伤的发生。应用前后压力性损伤发生率比较,差异有统计学意义。（P&lt;0.05）结论 护理敏感质量指标在五官科手术室相关压力性损伤管理中的应用可有效降低手术室压力性损伤的发生率。