Defensins: Natural component of human innate immunity

The widespread use of antibiotics has contributed to a huge increase in the number of resistant bacteria. New classes of drugs are therefore being developed of which defensins are a potential source. Defensins are a group of antimicrobial peptides found in different living organisms, involved in the first line of defense in their innate immune response against pathogens. This review summarizes the results of studies of this family of human antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). There is a special emphasis on describing the entire group and individual peptides, history of their discovery, their functions and expression sites. The results of the recent studies on the use of the biologically active peptides in human medicine are also presented. The pharmaceutical potential of human defensins cannot be ignored, especially considering their strong antimicrobial activity and properties such as low molecular weight, reduced immunogenicity, broad activity spectrum and resistance to proteolysis, but there are still many challenges and questions regarding the possibilities of their practical application.     

不同部位骨原发性非霍奇金淋巴瘤的影像表现对比分析

目的:对比分析发生于不同部位的骨原发性非霍奇金淋巴瘤(PNLB)的影像表现。方法:搜集经手术病理及免疫组化证实的25例PNLB患者,按照病变发生部位分为四肢骨组(13例)和躯干骨组(12例)。对两组的患者发病年龄、骨质破坏类型、软组织肿块大小及包绕骨病变形式、MRI信号特点进行分析。结果:四肢骨组的患者发病年龄(中位年龄44岁)较躯干骨组(中位年龄54岁)年轻。在四肢骨组中,以单发病变多见(77%),骨质破坏以溶骨性和混合性破坏为主(各占46%,6/13);在躯干骨组中,骨质破坏类型以溶骨性为主(50%),两组的骨质破坏类型差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组中以出现软组织肿块多见(72%),但四肢骨组中软组织肿块偏大,呈环绕型生长。MRI信号特点无特异性。结论:四肢骨组中,患者发病年龄相对年轻,骨质破坏以溶骨性和混合性破坏为主,单发病变多见,周围软组织肿块较躯干骨组大,且呈环周包绕性生长。躯干骨组中,患者发病年龄相对较大,骨质破坏类型以溶骨性为主,周围软组织肿块相对偏小,但也呈环绕型生长。     

黑龙江鄂伦春族成人体部线性特征

目的 探讨黑龙江省鄂伦春族成人体部的线性特征。方法 在知情同意的情况下,随机抽取黑龙江省塔河县十八站鄂族乡和呼玛县白银纳鄂族乡157例（男75例,女82例）鄂伦春族健康成人为研究对象,按照人体测量方法,对躯干及四肢部的肩峰点高、胸上缘高等34项线性指标进行活体测量,并计算了9项体部指数分型值。 结果 黑龙江鄂伦春族成人体部的主要特征是,除了骨盆宽、胸深等线性指标无差异外,其他各项指标男女差异均有统计学意义。男性身高较高,女性身高较矮,男女均以宽肩型、长躯干型、宽骨盆型、超短腿型为主。 结论 黑龙江鄂伦春族腿较内蒙古鄂伦春族较短,骨盆、肩较宽,这可能是与地域气候不同有关。     

电针预处理对肢体缺血再灌注大鼠生存、脑损伤及认知功能的影响

 目的：观察电针（EA）预处理对肢体缺血再灌注（LI/R）大鼠生存情况、脑损伤及认知功能的影响,探讨相关机制。方法：清洁级、健康成年雄性SD大鼠132 只,体重255～300 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为3 组：假手术(sham)组、LI/R组和LI/R+EA预处理 (LI/R+EA) 组。LI/R组采用动脉夹夹闭双后肢股动脉3 h,建立LI/R模型;sham组只暴露股动脉,不夹闭;LI/R+EA组于模型制备前14 d行电针治疗,针刺穴位为“百会”、“足三里”及“血海”。观察各组大鼠7 d生存率;于再灌注48 h,用Morris水迷宫方法测试大鼠认知功能的变化;其余大鼠于再灌注48 h后处死取材,用干湿重法测定脑含水量;免疫组织化学法测定小胶质细胞标志物Iba1;采用Western blotting检测cleaved caspase-3的表达水平;原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测神经细胞凋亡并计算凋亡指数;光镜下观察海马病理结构变化;化学法测定活性氧（ROS）、丙二醛（MDA）含量及髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果：与sham组比较,LI/R组及LI/R+EA组大鼠7 d生存率下降,潜伏期和游泳距离增加,穿越平台次数减少,海马Iba1阳性细胞数增加,cleaved caspase-3蛋白表达量增加,凋亡指数明显增加,神经元减少,ROS、MDA含量及MPO活性增加,SOD活性降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);与LI/R组相比,LI/R+EA组上述指标得到明显改善(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论：电针预处理能提高LI/R大鼠生存率,减轻脑损伤及改善大鼠认知功能障碍,其机制可能与抑制小胶质细胞激活、减轻氧化应激损伤有关。     

Postoperative alignment in revision total knee arthroplasty,a comparison between intra and extra-medullary tibial alignment

BackgroundRevision total knee arthroplasty commonly involves stemmed components. If the diaphysis is engaged, this technique may be problematic for mechanical alignment (MA) in cases of tibial bowing, which are not infrequent (up to 30%).The aim of this study is to compare an intra-medullary(IM) and extra-medullary(EM) alignment method. We hypothesized that IM technique and canal-filling stems may result more frequently in valgus MA. On the other hand, an EM technique could produce less valgus knees but is at risk of creating MA outliers.MethodA retrospective radiographic analysis of revision TKAs was performed. The patients were divided to either the EM or IM alignment group and compared on the overall post-operative MA. The following parameters were measured on standing, long leg x-rays: Hip-knee-Ankle angle (HKA), mechanical lateral distal femoral angle and mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA).Results119 cases of revision TKAs were included (EM = 80, IM = 39). There was a difference between the EM and IM group for the mean mMPTA (89.94° vs 90.92°, effect size = 0.45, p = 0.013) and HKA angle (1.64° vs 0.05°, effect size = 0.52, p = 0.0064). A higher proportion of IM patients were in overall valgus alignment (16/39, 41%) vs EM group (16/80, 20%, p = 0.0134). Both techniques showed the same proportion of outliers, defined as HKA angle more than 5 degrees from neutral mechanical alignment (11/80 vs 5/39, p = 0.286).ConclusionThe extra-medullary alignment method with short cemented stems creates less valgus mechanical alignment than the intra-medullary technique with press-fit stems, without creating more MA outliers.     

A New Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery System： WATO

Background： The traditional manual orthopaedic technology heavily re- lies on a surgeon＇s experience, so it certainly increases the instability of the surgery. Therefore, computer assisted orthopaedic surgery （CAOS） is becoming a hot research topic for its high accuracy and stability. We developed a new CAOS system WATO, which is mainly designed for total knee replacement （TKR）. Methods： WATO system provides the interactive software for a surgeon＇s preoperative planning. Based on its two infrared cameras, infrared markers and infrared probe, WATO system gives a simple surgical positioning procedure of femur and tibia without additional surgery for the placement of fiducial markers. According to the reference alignment axis from positioning procedure, a surgeon can move the robot of WATO system to do accurate bone resection. Safety checking is also considered in WATO system. Results： Extensive experiments were conducted on phantoms and cadaver bones to verify the accuracy and stability of WATO system. Experimental results showed that TKR using WATO system had better performance compared with traditional and navigated TKR. Conclusion： WATO system shows its superiority in TKR, and has a broad application prospect in the future. We will develop its new functions for other orthopaedic surgery such as total hip replacement （THR）. Current disadvantages such as bigger skin incision have to be resolved in the future.     

Reliability of the Cutting Alignment Scoring Tool (CAST) to Assess Trunk and Limb Alignment During a 45-Degree Side-Step Cut

BackgroundThree-dimensional (3D) motion analysis is considered the gold standard for evaluating human movement. However, its clinical utility is limited due to cost, operating expertise, and lengthy data processing time. Numerous qualitative scoring systems have been introduced to assess trunk and lower extremity biomechanics during functional tasks. However, the reliability of qualitative scoring systems to evaluate cutting movements is understudied. Purpose/Hypotheses: To assess the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the Cutting Alignment Scoring Tool (CAST) among sports medicine providers and to evaluate rater agreement of each component of the CAST. The hypotheses were: 1) there would be good–to-excellent inter-rater and intra-rater reliability among sports medicine providers, 2) there would be good to almost perfect agreement for cut width and trunk lean variables and moderate to good agreement for valgus variables of the CAST.Study DesignRepeated MeasuresMethodsTen videos of a 45-degree side-step cut performed by adolescent athletes were independently rated on two occasions by six raters (2 medical doctors, 2 physical therapists, and 2 athletic trainers). The variables assessed include trunk lean to the opposite direction of the cut, increased cut width, knee valgus at initial load acceptance (static), and knee valgus throughout the task (dynamic). Variables were scored as either present, which were given a score of “1”, or not present, which were given a score of “0”. Video sequence was randomized in each rating session, and a two-week wash out period was given.ResultsThe cumulative inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities were good (ICC: 0.808 and ICC: 0.753). Almost perfect kappa coefficients were recorded for cut width (k=0.949). Moderate kappa coefficients were found for trunk lean (k= 0.632) and fair kappa coefficients were noted for dynamic and static valgus (k=0.462 and k= 0.533 respectively).ConclusionThese findings suggest that the CAST is a reliable tool to evaluate trunk and LE alignment during a cutting task by sports medicine providers.Level of EvidenceLevel 2 Diagnosis     

全膝关节置换术患者术后肢体肿胀的影响因素及护理

目的：探讨全膝关节置换术后肢体肿胀的影响因素及护理对策,以进一步完善围术期肢体康复训练。方法对2013年4—10月接受全膝关节置换术的183例患者进行回顾性分析,比较不同性别、年龄、身高体质量指数( BMI)、术前诊断、麻醉方式、术后抗凝方式、止血带使用时间、围术期血红蛋白变化、假体类型等对术后肢体肿胀程度的影响。采用 SPSS 16.0统计软件包对数据进行分析。结果比较BMI≤25 kg/m2患者与BMI>25 kg/m2患者全膝关节置换术后膝上10 cm周径变化值时发现,两者差异具有统计学意义(t=-0.270,P<0.05);根据年龄分为<60岁、60~70岁和>70岁3组,三组间术后肢体肿胀差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);将止血带使用时间与肢体肿胀程度进行Pearson相关分析,发现两者无相关性(P>0.05)。性别、麻醉方式、抗凝方式等对术后肢体肿胀均无影响(P>0．05)。二分变量线性回归分析结果表明,TKA术后肢体肿胀的影响因素包括BMI、围术期血红蛋白变化值及假体类型(P<0.05)。结论全膝关节置换术后早期肢体肿胀容易发生,其肿胀程度与患者BMI、围术期血红蛋白变化及假体类型呈相关性,应制定个体化护理对策,减轻患者术后肢体肿胀,优化患者康复训练效果。