Protective Effects of Estradiol on Myocardial Contractile Function Following Hemorrhagic Shock and Resuscitation in Rats

Background:

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) results in myocardial contractile dysfunction. Studies showed that 17β-estradiol protects the myocardium against contractile dysfunction. The study investigated the cardioprotective effects of treatment with 17β-estradiol before resuscitation following 1 h of HS and resuscitation.

Methods:

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 2 sets of experimental protocols: Ex vivo and in vivo treatment and resuscitation. Each set had three experimental groups (n = 6 per group): Normotensive (N), HS and resuscitation (HS-R) and HS rats treated with 17β-estradiol (E) and resuscitated (HS-E-R). Rats were hemorrhaged over 60-min to reach a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 mmHg. In the ex vivo group, hearts were resuscitated by perfusion in the Langendorff system. In the 17β-estradiol treated group, 17β-estradiol 280 µg/kg was added for the first 5 min. Cardiac function was measured. Left ventricular generated pressure (LVGP) and +dP/dt were calculated. In the in vivo group, rats were treated with 17β-estradiol 280 µg/kg s.c. after 60-min HS. Resuscitation was performed in vivo by the reinfusion of the shed blood for 30-min to restore normotension.

Results:

Treatment with 17β-estradiol before resuscitation in ex vivo treated and resuscitated isolated hearts and in the in vivo treated and resuscitated rats following HS improved myocardial contractile function. In the in vivo treated group, LVGP and +dP/dt max were significantly higher in 17β-estradiol treated rats compared to the untreated group (LVGP 136.40 ± 6.61 compared to 47.58 ± 17.55, and +dP/dt 661.85 ± 49.88 compared to 88.18 ± 0.85). Treatment with 17β-estradiol improved LVGP following HS.

Conclusions:

The results indicate that treatment with 17β-estradiol before resuscitation following HS protects the myocardium against dysfunction.     

高血压脑出血微创手术治疗进展

高血压脑出血具有很高的发病率、病死率和致残率,为社会、家庭带来了沉重的健康及经济负担,但高血压脑出血也是脑卒中亚分类中仅有的没有明确治疗标准的疾病,传统开颅手术在高血压脑出血中应用广泛,但目前没有明确证据支持其可以提升患者的神经功能及预后。微创手术逐渐得到了越来越为广泛的应用。本文主要探讨了立体定向血肿抽吸、神经内镜技术以及纤溶药物治疗高血压脑出血的发展及现状。随着神经影像学的快速发展,立体定向血肿抽吸治疗高血压脑出血的治疗效果愈发理想;通过不断的改进,神经内镜清除血肿的效果愈发理想,而内镜手术入路的选择仍无统一标准;rtPA/尿激酶纤溶治疗尽管可以减少一定量的血肿,但是纤溶治疗与再出血及水肿加重之间的关系仍颇具争议。目前,仍需要更多的临床研究以进一步证实微创手术在治疗高血压脑出血中的作用。     

肝硬化并上消化道出血患者预后的相关因素研究

目的:探讨肝硬化并上消化道出血(UGH)患者预后的相关因素。方法:回顾性分析2010年3月至2014年2月收治的149例肝硬化并UGH患者的临床资料,其中死亡27例(死亡组),经治疗后存活122例(生存组),比较两组年龄、既往出血史、并发症、呕血量、24h内再出血、Hb水平、出血病因以及肝功能Child-Pugh分级等因素的差异,分析肝硬化并UGH预后的相关因素。结果:多因素Logistic回归显示出血病因、年龄、呕血量、Hb水平、24h内再出血、Child-Pugh分级、并发症是影响肝硬化并UGH患者预后的独立危险。结论:UGH仍是肝硬化并UGH患者临床死亡的一项重要原因,病人年龄大、呕血量>500m L、Hb水平<90g/L、恶性肿瘤、Child-Pugh分级为C级、食管胃底静脉曲张(EGV)、24h内再出血、合并症等均影响患者转归,是其独立危险因素。     

Risk Factors of Germinal Matrix Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Premature Infants

Objective

To determine whether some clinical parameters can be used to predict the hemorrhage and whether the relationship between these clinical variables and the grades of hemorrhage is linear.

Methods

A total of 230 premature infants, born at a gestational age less than 34 weeks were retrospectively reviewed. Germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GM-IVH), the grade of the hemorrhage, and clinical data were assessed with a checklist. Variables were analyzed by using Mann Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests and then multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent risk factors.

Findings

Resuscitation, gestational age, hypotension, multiple birth, and birth weight were found to be independent risk factors. We determined non-linear relationship between the grades of hemorrhage and the clinical parameters. But when we classified hemorrhages as grade 1, grade 2-3 and grade 4, the relationships were found linear.

Conclusion

Premature infants who had resuscitation, low gestational age, hypotension, multiple birth, and low birth weight are more likely to have GM-IVH. The relationship between the clinical variables and the grades of GM-IVH does not seem to be linear.     

超高龄原发性脑出血患者的临床特点及预后

目的探究超高龄（≥80岁）原发性脑出血患者的临床特点和预后情况。方法回顾性分析本院2011年1月至2013年1月期间收治170例原发性脑出血患者临床资料（超高龄者45例,对照组125例）,对比超高龄患者（≥80岁）和对照组（〈80岁）在临床症状、体征、影像学表现、疾病治疗等的差异,比较分析两组患者的生存情况。结果超高龄组中,女性所占的比例高于对照组,既往有高血压病史者、起病时有明确诱因或处于活动状态、入院时收缩压、舒张压低于对照组（P〈0．05）。超高龄组脑叶出血的情况多于对照组（31．1％比12．0％,P〈0．05）,基底节出血的情况则少于对照组（37．8％比62．4％,P〈0．05）;超高龄组采用手术治疗低于对照组,在住院时间上长于对照组,中位累积生存时间低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论超高龄原发性脑出血可能是一种特殊类别的脑出血,脑血管淀粉样变性极有可能是其发病的重要病因。     

Confusing untypical intestinal Behcet's disease:Skip ulcers with severe lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Behcet's disease(BD) is a rare and life-long disorder characterized by inflammation of blood vessels throughout the body. BD was originally described in 1937 as a syndrome involving oral and genital ulceration in addition to ocular inflammation. Intestinal BD refers to colonic ulcerative lesions documented by objective measures in patients with BD. Many studies have shown that over 40% of BD patients have gastrointestinal complaints. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, anorexia and abdominal distension. Although gastrointestinal symptoms are common, the demonstration of gastrointestinal ulcers is rare. This so-called intestinal BD accounts for approximately 1% of cases. There is no specific test for BD, and the diagnosis is based on clinical criteria. The manifestations of intestinal BD are similar to those of other colitis conditions such as Crohn's disease or intestinal tuberculosis, thus, it is challenging for gastroenterologists to accurately diagnose intestinal BD in patients with ileocolonic ulcers. However, giant ulcers distributed in the esophagus and ileocecal junction with gastrointestinal hemorrhage are rare in intestinal BD. Here, we present a case of untypical intestinal BD. The patient had recurrent aphthous ulceration of the oral mucosa, and esophageal and ileo-colonic ulceration, but no typical extra-intestinal symptoms. During examination, the patient had massive acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. The patient underwent ileostomy after an emergency right hemicolectomy and partial ileectomy, and was subsequently diagnosed with incomplete-type intestinal BD by pathology. The literature on the evaluation and management of this condition is reviewed.     

经皮肾镜去石术后出血的介入治疗

目的: 研究超选择性肾动脉栓塞在治疗经皮肾镜术后出血中的效果及失败原因。方法: 对65例伴有血液动力学改变的经皮肾镜术后出血患者行肾动脉造影,用微导管行超选择性插管,用微弹簧圈栓塞损伤动脉。若首次肾动脉造影无阳性发现,则采用以下措施以防止遗漏病灶:(1)腹主动脉造影;(2)重复肾动脉造影;(3)造瘘管走行区域肾动脉分支超选择造影;(4)保留穿刺通道,拔除肾造瘘管后造影。对肾动脉出血的造影表现进行总结,并对栓塞止血失败的原因进行分析。结果: 65例患者中,造影有阳性发现的60例(62个肾脏), 均经超选择性栓塞成功止血。肾动脉造影的阳性表现包括:假性动脉瘤形成、斑片状造影剂外溢、假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘、造影剂进入集合系统、造影剂弥散至肾被膜下。一次栓塞成功53例(55个肾脏), 成功率88.71%,两次栓塞成功率96.77%。首次栓塞失败的原因主要是遗漏病灶(4例,57.10%)和栓塞的受损血管再通(2例,28.57%)。5例患者肾动脉造影无阳性发现,经保守治疗血尿停止。所有患者介入治疗后3、6、12个月随访,均未再次出现血尿,且未发生持续、严重的肾功能损害。结论: 超选择肾动脉栓塞是治疗经皮肾镜术后出血的有效方法,肾动脉造影遗漏病灶是造成止血失败的主要原因。     

灯盏花素对脑出血大鼠神经可塑性的影响

目的 探讨灯盏花素对大鼠脑出血后神经可塑性的影响.方法 108只Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和灯盏花素组.采用胶原酶注射法建立脑出血模型.对各组大鼠进行神经功能评分,应用免疫组化染色检测血肿周围脑组织巢蛋白和Shank1表达水平,透射电镜观察突触超微结构改变.结果 假手术组突触超微结构基本正常,模型组突触和细胞器溶解破坏,灯盏花素组突触超微结构趋于正常.与模型组相比,灯盏花素组突触数量、界面曲率和突触后致密区均显著性增多或增高(P均＜0.01),突触间隙显著性变窄(P＜0.01),Shank1和巢蛋白表达水平显著性增高(P均＜0.01).假手术组神经功能正常,模型组和灯盏花素组在模型制作后神经功能评分升高,但后者神经功能改善迅速,3、7和14 d时与模型组比较存在显著性差异(P均＜0.01).结论 灯盏花素可促进大鼠脑出血后神经修复和神经功能恢复,增强脑组织可塑性是其可能的机制之一.