Benign bronchoesophageal fistula in adults: endoscopic closure as primary treatment

Background/Aims

Benign bronchoesophageal fistula (BEF) is a rare condition that is usually treated surgically; however, less invasive endoscopy procedures have been attempted to overcome the disadvantages of surgery. The aim of this study was thus to determine the results of endoscopic management as a primary treatment in patients with BEF.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed data from 368 patients with BEF who were treated at a tertiary care, academic medical center between January 2000 and August 2009.

Results

Benign causes were found for only 18 of the 368 patients. Of these, seven were treated endoscopically and the others by surgery or other methods. The first endoscopy procedures failed in all seven patients, with second trials of endoscopy performed in four patients at a median of 8 days (range, 3 to 11 days) after the first procedure. The second endoscopic procedure was successful in two out of four patients; one patient showed no recurrence of the fistula, whereas the second patient experienced a recurrence after 24 months. All patients underwent successful surgical procedures after the failure of endoscopic treatment, with no further recurrences.

Conclusions

Although we observed a low rate of success for primary endoscopic treatment of benign BEF, the invasive nature of surgery suggests the need for a prospective study with a large number of patients to evaluate the efficacy of less invasive procedures such as endoscopic treatment.     

Acute cigarette smoke exposure reduces clot lysis -- association between altered fibrin architecture and the response to t-PA

Background

Enhanced thrombolysis is a proposed mechanism for reduced mortality in cigarette smokers with STEMI (“smoker's paradox”). The mechanisms remain unclear but studies suggest fibrin architecture (FA) may affect thrombolysis. Our group has previously shown that acute cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) alters FA. This study was done to evaluate the association between FA, thrombolysis and CSE.

Methods and Results

Otherwise healthy smokers (n = 22) were studied before and after smoking two cigarettes. Non-smokers (n = 22) served as controls. Two ex-vivo models were used to evaluate clot lysis of venous blood and these data were compared to FA as determined by SEM. In the first model, clot lysis in a glass tube at 60 minutes after addition of t-PA was measured. The second model quantified lysis utilizing thromboelastography. With the latter, after a clot reached maximum strength, t-PA was added and clot lysis at 60 min was noted. SEM studies were performed on platelet poor plasma mixed with thrombin and FA was examined at 20 K.Clot lysis was similar in both groups except that post-smoking, TEG showed a significantly lower lysis compared to pre- and non-smoking clots. SEM analysis showed significantly thinner fibers and denser clots post-smoking.

Conclusions

Venous clots from smokers failed to show an enhanced lysis when exposed to t-PA. In fact, acute CSE was associated with changes in FA and increased resistance to thrombolysis. These findings in part may explain enhanced thrombogenicity but suggest that mechanisms other than enhanced fibrinolysis are likely to be responsible for “smoker's paradox.”     

心房颤动患者血浆D-二聚体、C反应蛋白水平与左心房内径的相关性

目的 探讨心房颤动（AF）患者血浆D-二聚体（D-dimer）、C反应蛋白（CRP）水平与左心房内径（LAD）的关系.方法 选择AF患者53例,窦性心律（SR）者32例.各AF亚组的D-dimer、CRP及LAD相互比较,并分别与SR组比较.结果 AF组的D-dimer、CRP、LAD水平高于SR组;持续性和永久性AF组的D-dimer、CRP水平高于SR组、阵发性AF组;持续性AF组的LAD大于SR组;永久性AF组LAD亦高于阵发性AF组、SR组;以上差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）.AF组的D-dimer、CRP与LAD之间均存在直线相关性（r=0.376、0.33,P＜0.05）.结论 CRP的升高与心房颤动的持续时间有关;LAD与高凝状态、炎性反应呈正相关.     

两种组织黏合剂封堵肺创面漏气的研究

目的 探讨纤维蛋白胶(FG)和化学胶封堵肺创而漏气的临床价值.方法 FG先行体外耐压试验.将54只新西兰兔随机分为3组:对照组、FG组和化学胶组,每组18只.离体实验每组9只兔,分别注射40、50、60 ml空气行肺顺应性测定.在体实验每组9只兔,建立兔肺漏气模型.对照组关胸,另两组行FG及化学胶封闭肺创面做加压试验,术后3、7、14 d开胸观察取肺组织行苏木素-伊红(HE)染色.结果体外耐压试验中,FG承受50 cm H2O压力后出现漏气.离体实验中,FG组顺应性(1.820±0.280、1.181±0.144、0.947±0.080)与对照组(2.075±0.377、1.289±0.243、0.951±0.087)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),化学胶组顺应性(1.594±0.294、0.956±0.094、0.861±0.076)与对照组、FG组比较明显减小(P<0.05).在体实验中,对照组兔在术后1～4 h内死亡,FG组在肺内压平均达到27.2 cmH2O时出现漏气,而当气道压达34 cmH2O时化学胶亦未漏气.化学胶组术后出现肺不张及少量胸水,病理切片示坏死组织及炎性细胞明显多于FG组.结论 两胶均可有效封闭肺创面漏气.与化学胶比较,FG对肺顺应性干扰小,可促进创面愈合、减轻炎症及瘢痕形成.     

Difficult central venous access removal: case reports of the use of endovascular snare shearing of endothelialized tetherings

Although a fibrin sheath occurs in most long-standing central venous catheters, they do not typically interfere with complete removal of the catheter. We present 2 cases of long-standing catheters that could not be removed with simple surgical techniques because of endotheliazation via fibrous attachments to the venous wall. Both catheters were successfully removed using a modified snare technique through the right femoral vein.     

冠心病患者血B型钠尿肽和纤维蛋白原水平临床意义的研究

目的研究冠心病与B型钠尿肽(BNP)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)的临床关系。方法经冠状动脉造影明确诊断冠心病患者164例,按临床类型分为稳定性心绞痛(SAP)20例,不稳定性心绞痛(UAP)64例,急性心肌梗死(AMI)80例,另选取同期健康对照组20例。于发病6～24 h内抽取清晨空腹静息状态下静脉血检测BNP、FIB,并进行比较。采用Judkins法评定冠状动脉病变程度,采用Gensini积分系统衡量冠状动脉病变程度,并与BNP、FIB进行相关分析。结果在冠心病临床分型中AMI组、UAP组、SAP组BNP、FIB明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。病变血管支数分组中三组FIB比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。合并疾病分组BNP水平比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。冠心病临床分型各组Gensini评分与BNP、FIB无相关性(P>0.05)。结论 BNP与FIB水平与冠心病临床分型相关,BNP与病变血管支数无明显相关性。     

FIB、FDP、D-D在早期判定患儿过敏性紫癜性肾损害中的价值

目的 探讨血浆纤维蛋白原(FIB)、纤维蛋白降解产物(FDP)、D-D二聚体(D -D)在早期判定过敏性紫癜(HSP)肾损害中的价值.方法 对HSP患儿行FIB、FDP、D-D水平检测,并作相关对照分析.结果 HSP组FIB、FDP、D-D水平明显高于正常对照组,而紫癜性肾炎组(HSPN)较普通型紫癜组FIB、FDP、D-D水平更高,FIB、FDP、D-D水平越高者,易早期出现肾损害,预后亦越差.结论 HSP患儿存在凝血及纤溶系统异常,继发性纤溶异常参与肾损害.     

低分子量肝素对纤维蛋白凝结速率影响的体外研究

目的 应用SONOCLOT血凝分析仪测定不同剂量及不同种类LMWH对纤维蛋白CR的影响,探讨应用CR检测LMWH抗凝活性的可行性.方法 选择20名健康志愿者,抽取所有受试者外周血标本依次加入不同剂量的LMWH(达肝素),最终血标本浓度范围为0～1.8 IU/ml;应用3种不同促凝剂玻璃珠、硅藻土、高岭土分别依次测定CR值,对不同浓度达肝素与相应的CR值进行相关性分析.向外周血标本分别加入相同剂量(最终血标本浓度为0.8 IU/ml)的不同种类LMWH(达肝素、依诺肝素、那曲肝素),应用玻璃珠促凝剂依次测定CR值并进行相关性分析.结果 随达肝素剂量的增加,用3种促凝剂分别测得的CR值均逐渐降低.达肝素浓度为0～1.8 IU/ml时,应用玻璃珠促凝剂测定的CR值为20.0～4.5 IU/min,应用硅藻土促凝剂测定的CR值为26.1～6.6 IU/min,应用高岭土促凝剂测定的CR值为27.2～7.5 IU/min,均与达肝素浓度呈指数相关关系(R2分别为-0.796、-0.884、-0.921,P＜0.01).不同种类LMWH在相同浓度下(0.8 IU/ml)测定的CR值也不同,达肝素作用下测定的CR值为7.4 IU/min,依诺肝素作用下测定的CR值为8.5 IU/min,那曲肝素作用下测定的CR值为8.5 IU/min,与基线值17.6 IU/min比较差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为18.45、12.33、14.93,P＜0.01),达肝素作用下测定的CR值低于依诺肝素和那曲肝素作用下测定的CR值(t值分别为2.552、2.924,P＜0.05).结论 3种促凝剂所测得的CR值与达肝素浓度均呈指数相关关系,不同种类LMWH均可显著降低CR值.CR值有可能成为LMWH抗凝活性的床旁检测指标.

Abstract：

Objective To study the in vitro effects of different doses and different kinds of LMWH on CR, and to determine whether the CR test could be used to monitor LMWH. Methods The CR value was measured with different reagents ( glass beads, celite and kaolin ) in blood samples from twenty volunteer donors, which were spiked with increasing concentration of LMWH ( dalteparin, 0-1.8 IU/ml ). Then the CR test was performed again on the same blood samples spiked with the same concentration ( 0. 8 IU/ml ) but different LMWH ( dalteparin, enoxaparin and nadroparin ). Regression analysis was performed to establish a regression equation from corresponding LMWH levels. Results With the increasing of dalteparin dose, CR values were reduced gradually for all three reagents. When the concentration of dalteparin was 0-1.8 IU/ml,the value of CR was 20. 0-4. 5 IU/min for glass beads, 26. 1-6.6 IU/min for celite and 27. 2-7. 5 IU/min for kaolin. An exponential relationship was observed between the CR value and dalteparin concentration for three reagents( R2 = -0.796, -0.884, -0.921 ,P ＜0.01 ). All three kinds of LMWH with the same concentration (0.8 IU/ml ) induced a different change in CR. The value of CR was 7.4 IU/min with dalteparin,8. 5 IU/min with enoxaparin and 8.5 IU/min with nadroparin. Compared with the control group ( CR was 17.6 IU/min ), three kinds of LMWH had statistical significance ( t = 18.45, 12. 33, 14. 93, P ＜ 0.01 ).Compared with the enoxaparin and nadroparin, dalteparin induced a higher CR value ( t = 2. 552,2. 924,P＜0. 05 ). Conclusions There is an exponential relationship between CR value and dalteparin concentration for three reagents. Three kinds of LMWH can significantly reduce the value of CR. CR test can be used to monitor the anticoagulant effect of LMWH.     

内镜下套扎和组织胶注射分别治疗食管和胃底静脉曲张患者的临床观察

目的 探讨内镜下套扎和组织胶注射治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的疗效和价值.方法 予184例重度食管静脉曲张患者内镜下套扎治疗,其中32例伴胃底静脉曲张者还进行内镜下组织胶注射治疗.随访6个月并观察内镜下套扎和组织胶注射治疗的疗效和并发症.结果 内镜下套扎治疗重度食管静脉曲张的有效率为71.74％(132/184),急诊止血率为95.00％(57/60),并发症(食管套扎部位瘢痕狭窄需行扩张治疗)发生率为2.17％(4/184).内镜下组织胶注射治疗胃底静脉曲张的有效率为100％(32/32),并发症(注射部位难治性溃疡7例,其中难治性溃疡并出血2例)发生率为21.88％(7/32).均无穿孔、重度感染并发症发生.结论 内镜下套扎和组织胶注射治疗食管和胃底静脉曲张疗效良好.