Correlation between intrasac pressure measurements of a pressure sensor and an angiographic catheter during endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm

PURPOSE: To establish a correlation between intrasac pressure measurements of a pressure sensor and an angiographic catheter placed in the same aneurysm sac before and after its exclusion by an endoprosthesis. METHODS: Patients who underwent endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair and received an EndoSure wireless pressure sensor implant between March 19 and December 11, 2004 were enrolled in the study. Simultaneous readings of systolic, diastolic, mean, and pulse pressure within the aneurysm sac were obtained from the catheter and the sensor, both before and after sac exclusion by the endoprosthesis (Readings 1 and 2, respectively). Intrasac pressure measurements were compared using Pearson's correlation and Student's t test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients had the pressure sensor implanted, with simultaneous readings (i.e., recorded by both devices) obtained in 19 patients for Reading 1 and in 10 patients for Reading 2. There was a statistically significant correlation for all pressure variables during both readings, with p<0.01 for all except the pulse pressure in Reading 1 (p<0.05). Statistical significance of pressure variations before and after abdominal aortic aneurysm exclusion was coincident between the sensor and catheter for diastolic (p>0.05), mean (p>0.05), and pulse (p<0.01) pressures; the sole disagreement was observed for systolic pressure, which varied, on average, 31.23 mmHg by the catheter (p<0.05) and 22 mmHg (p>0.05) by the sensor. CONCLUSION: The excellent agreement between intrasac pressure readings recorded by the catheter and the sensor justifies use of the latter for detection of post-exclusion abdominal aortic aneurysm pressurization.     

Systemic Pulsatile Pressure in Type II Endoleaks After Stent Grafting of Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

Purpose: To investigate pressure and maximum rate of rise of systolic pressure (peak dP/dt) in completely excluded aneurysms and endoleaks to determine the hemodynamic impact of endoleaks. Methods: In mongrel dogs (n = 36) experimental aneurysms were created by insertion of a patch (portion of rectus abdominis muscle sheath) into the infrarenal aorta. In group I (n = 18), all aortic branches of the aneurysm were ligated and all aneurysms were completely excluded by stent grafts. Group II (n = 18) consisted of aneurysms with patent aortic side branches that represented sources of endoleaks. One week (n = 12), six weeks (n = 12), and six months (n = 12) after stent grafting, hemodynamic measurements were obtained in thrombosed aneurysms and proved endoleaks. Systemic blood pressure and intraaneurysmal pressure were simultaneously measured and the respective peak dP/dt were computed. Results: At the six-month follow-up, the systolic-pressure ratio (intraaneurysmatic pressure: systemic pressure) was significantly increased in endoleaks compared to non-perfused areas (0.879 ± 0.042 versus 0.438 ± 0.176, p < 0.01, group II) or completely excluded aneurysms (0.385 ± 0.221, group I). Peak dP/dt ratio (intraaneurysmal peak dP/dt: systemic peak dP/dt) was 0.922 ± 0.154 in endoleaks, compared to 0.084 ± 0.080 in non-perfused areas (group II, p < 0.01), and was 0.146 ± 0.121 in completely excluded aneurysms (group I). The diastolic-pressure ratio was also increased in endoleaks compared to non-perfused areas (0.929 ± 0.088 versus 0.655 ± 0.231, p < 0.01, group II) or completely excluded aneurysms (0.641 ± 0.278, group I). In excluded aneurysms, pressure exposure declined as the length of the follow-up period increased. Conclusion: Type II endoleaks transmit pulsatile pressure of near systemic level and indicate insufficient treatment result. In contrast, complete endovascular exclusion of aneurysms results in significantly reduced pressure exposure.     

胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内隔绝术中Ⅱ型内漏的影像学识别和处理

目的 探讨胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内隔绝术中Ⅱ型内漏的评估、处理方法。方法 在1998年4月对2001年12月实施的116例胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内隔绝术中通过造影发现Ⅱ型内漏共7例。应用鱼精蛋白中和肝素作促凝治疗。结果 促凝治疗后4例内漏消失；3例带漏返回。术后经密切观察随访，2例内漏自行闭合，另1例也未发现动脉夹层腔明显扩大。结论 促凝是术中Ⅱ型内漏简单而有效的治疗方式。对术后持续存在的Ⅱ型内漏的处理方法还有待进一步的探索。     

腹主动脉瘤腔内治疗术后Ⅱ型内漏的单中心处理经验

目的探讨腹主动脉瘤腔内修复（EVAR）术后Ⅱ型内漏的处理。 方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2019年1月12例EVAR术后Ⅱ型内漏行外科干预患者的临床资料。7例经肠系膜上动脉-中结肠动脉-Riolan弓-左结肠动脉-肠系膜下动脉途径,栓塞动脉瘤腔及肠系膜下动脉起始部。2例经股动脉-骼内动脉-骼腰动脉途径,栓塞动脉瘤腔及腰动脉起始部。2例经近远端移植物与动脉壁之间进入瘤腔应用弹簧圈栓塞瘤腔;1例行开腹剖开瘤体,瘤腔内缝扎腰动脉及肠系膜下动脉后,保留支架。 结果患者均手术成功,无手术死亡及并发症。出院后平均随访（7.2±1.1）个月,1例患者因心脑血管意外死亡,其余患者无腰腹疼,影像学复查提示有4例行动脉栓塞患者再次复发,入院二次行栓塞治疗。 结论Ⅱ型内漏在腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术后比较常见,通畅的肠系膜下动脉、多支腰动脉和动脉瘤腔内血栓体积较小是Ⅱ型内漏发生的高危因素。对造成瘤体持续显著增长者可积极干预,治疗性干预有复发的可能性,预防性干预可能带来不必要的风险需要更严格的选择患者。     

Intraoperative contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination for endoleak detection after complex and infrarenal endovascular aortic repair

ObjectiveThe aim of this pilot study was to evaluate intraoperative contrast-enhanced ultrasound (iCEUS) examination for endoleak (EL) detection after complex endovascular aortic repairs (EVAR) in comparison with the standard angiographic completion control.MethodsTwenty-one patients (16 male; median age, 73 years [range, 54-81 years]) who underwent single-stage EVARs at our center between October 2016 and October 2018 were included prospectively. The procedures comprised fenestrated and/or branched EVAR (n = 14; 66%), infrarenal EVAR (n = 5; 24%), infrarenal EVAR with bilateral iliac side branch implantation (n = 1; 5%), and infrarenal EVAR with occluder implantation into the internal iliac artery (n = 1; 5%). The used endografts included 14 custom made devices (Cook, Australia Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Australia, n = 6; Vascutek Terumo, Glasgow, Scotland, n = 8) and seven standard infrarenal endografts (Medtronic Inc, Santa Rosa, Calif, n = 5; Vascutek Terumo, Glasgow, Scotland, n = 1; Cook, n = 1). All patients underwent an angiographic completion control for EL detection followed by iCEUS examination. The iCEUS examination was performed by the same examiner who was blinded to the angiography result. In addition to the comparison of the angiographic results to iCEUS examination, iCEUS examination was also compared with the computed tomography angiography (CTA) before discharge (median time to CTA, 5 days [range, 1-7 days]).ResultsAngiography detected eight type II EL, defining the EL origin in four cases. In addition to detecting all of those eight EL, iCEUS examination revealed eight more type II EL not seen on angiography (P = .002) and allowed a definition of the EL origin in all cases. CTA before discharge showed a persistence of only 5 of the 16 type II EL detected by iCEUS examination (31%, P = .002).ConclusionsAn iCEUS examination can be used as another adjunct to decrease exposure to contrast agent and radiation during EVAR, including complex procedures. A replacement of the completion angiography by iCEUS examination is conceivable for infrarenal EVAR, but also for endovascular type IV or type V repairs. Future studies with larger patient numbers will help to further validate iCEUS examination during complex EVAR.     

腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术中行移植物旁瘤腔栓塞预防Ⅱ型内瘘疗效分析

目的探讨腹主动脉瘤腔内修复(EVAR)术中进行移植物旁瘤腔栓塞预防Ⅱ型内瘘的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析69例接受EVAR的腹主动脉瘤患者的治疗及随访资料,其中33例(研究组)术中接受预防性移植物旁瘤腔栓塞,36例(对照组)接受单纯EVAR。结果 2组治疗技术成功率均为100%,每例EVAR术中移植物旁瘤腔栓塞平均使用弹簧圈(2.32±1.16)个。术后12个月随访复查显示,研究组临床成功率与对照组间差异无统计学意义[81.82%(27/33)vs 69.44%(25/36);χ~2=1.420,P=0.233],但术后Ⅱ型内瘘发生率明显低于对照组[6.06%(2/33)vs 25.00%(9/36);χ~2=4.609,P=0.032]。结论 EVAR中移植物旁瘤腔栓塞安全可行,有助于降低术后Ⅱ型内瘘的发生率。     

Combined Laparoscopic and Percutaneous Treatment of a Type II Endoleak Following Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

We describe a novel approach in treating a persistent type II endoleak related to the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and the lower lumbar arteries. The endoleak failed to thrombose following percutaneous IMA coil embolization. We proceeded to one-stage laparoscopic IMA division and intra-sac thrombin injection under direct laparoscopic vision and fluroscopy. A CT scan at 1 and 7 months post-intervention showed no evidence of endoleak and the growth of the aneurysm was arrested. This combined laparoscopic and percutaneous approach may be a useful treatment option in the management of persistent complex type II endoleak. Its durability, however has yet to be defined.     

Volumetric analysis of effectiveness of embolization for preventing type II endoleaks following endovascular aortic aneurysm repair

ObjectiveThe presence of endoleak was associated with the failure of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) treatment. The key to eliminating type II endoleak has shifted from reintervention to prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of applying fibrin sealant to prevent type II endoleak in conjunction with EVAR.MethodsAll patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm who underwent EVAR from June 2019 to July 2021 were reviewed. Patients were grouped as Group A: standard EVAR with preemptive embolization and Group B: standard EVAR alone. The primary endpoint was the incidence of type II endoleak. The secondary endpoints were aneurysm sac regression, the inferior mesenteric artery patency, the numbers of patent lumbar arteries, and all-cause mortality.ResultsA total of 104 patients were included in Group A, and 116 were included in Group B. Technical success rate was 100%. The overall incidence of type II endoleak in Group A was significantly lower than that in Group B (4.8% vs 19.0%). The mean time of freedom from type II endoleak was 22.71 months for Group A (95% confidence interval, 21.59-23.83 months) and 19.89 months for Group B (95% confidence interval, 18.08-21.70 months). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of freedom from type II endoleak showed a significantly longer duration of freedom from type II endoleak in Group A (81.0% vs 95.2%). Group A showed a continuous sac regression tendency. In Group B, the sac volume decreased within 12 months but increased by 3.07 cm³ at 24 months. No complications were noted in both groups.ConclusionsNonselective preemptive embolization with porcine fibrin sealant during EVAR was safe and effective in preventing type II endoleak in the short and mid-term. Preemptive embolization can lead to a significantly higher sac regression rate. Larger patient populations and longer follow-ups with randomized control designed trials are expected to verify the long-term effectiveness and safety of preemptive embolization in preventing type II endoleak.