The treatment of venous thromboembolism in special populations

Anticoagulant therapy for the typical venous thromboembolism patient is straightforward with predictably favorable outcomes. However, for certain patients with venous thromboembolism, there remains uncertainty and controversy about optimal treatment. These controversial areas include venous thromboembolism patients with: heparin resistance, renal insufficiency, morbid obesity, cancer, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, recurrent thrombosis despite appropriate anticoagulation, and patients with unprovoked VTE who may or may not benefit from thrombophilia testing. This review summarizes the current data for these special patient populations with venous thromboembolism and provides our recommendations for management.     

地榆粉栓塞子宫动脉治疗子宫肌瘤临床研究

目的：探讨子宫动脉经中药地榆粉栓塞后对子宫肌瘤治疗效果。方法：对32例子宫肌瘤患者行超选择性子宫动脉造影和栓塞治疗,并进行术后随访。同时观察子宫肌瘤的血供情况,栓塞治疗疗效以及对患者生理、生育的情况和肌瘤复发率的影响。结果：子宫动脉造影显示子宫肌瘤以一侧动脉供血占75％,两侧动脉同时供血占21．88％,卵巢动脉参与供血为3．12％。随访中,治愈占12．5％,显效N65．62％,有效占18．75％,无效占3．13％。有3例患者自然受孕或避孕失败而受孕。随访6—12个月,未见术后再发肌瘤。结论：地榆粉子宫动脉栓塞治疗子宫肌瘤较其他疗法更加安全、可靠,特别是对黏膜下肌瘤的治疗,基本可达到治愈效果。     

Evaluation of Retrievability of the Gunther Tulip Vena Cava Filter

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility and safety of withdrawal of a Gunther tulip retrievable vena cava filter (GTF). Methods Between June 2001 and December 2005, at our institution 86 GTFs were implanted for temporary caval filtration in 59 patients (37 women, 22 men; mean age 59.3 years, range 18–87 years). For GTFs retrieved thereafter, we retrospectively reviewed the following parameters: rate of success in retrieval, degree of trapped thrombus in the filter, and complications during retrieval. Results Worsening of or new development of pulmonary embolism after filter implantation did not occur in any patient. Of the 86 GTFs implanted, retrieval of 80 was attempted. Among those 80 filters, 77 (96%) were successfully retrieved (with the standard method, n = 72; with the modified method, n = 5) without any complication. The period of implantation of the retrieved filters was 13.4 ± 4.2 days. In the 5 filters that were filled to a height of ≥ 1/4 with trapped thrombus, retrieval was performed after attempts were made to decrease trapped thrombi. In addition, a temporary filter or another GTF was temporarily placed at the cephalad level of the GTF during this removal procedure. Conclusion GTFs can be retrieved in the majority of cases. Even when encountering situations in which the filter could not be removed using the standard method, withdrawal was possible in a high frequency of cases through various trials using modified methods.     

可降解水凝胶栓塞动脉瘤的实验研究

目的 探讨壳聚糖/甘油磷酸钠水凝胶作为动脉瘤栓塞材料的可行性.方法 配制2%壳聚糖与56%甘油磷酸钠溶液,不同比例混合,测定混合液pH、37℃成胶时间及力学强度,选择最佳比例.体外栓塞动脉瘤模型,评价导管内操控性;通过兔耳中动脉栓塞评价组织相容性.最终栓塞兔动脉瘤模型.结果 当壳聚糖/甘油磷酸钠在7∶1时,pH值为7.28,成胶时间为(260±18)s,力学强度可达14 kPa.体外动脉瘤模型栓塞见壳聚糖/甘油磷酸钠水凝胶可通过导管在动脉瘤内成胶.兔耳中动脉栓塞后3 d,血管周围可见少量炎性细胞浸润,1周时达到高峰,2-3周逐渐消退,4-8周形成肉芽组织,并可见壳聚糖凝胶部分降解.兔动脉瘤栓塞术中见动脉瘤不显影,术后3 d病理见动脉瘤被凝胶栓塞,内膜细胞形态正常,动脉壁内未见明显炎性细胞浸润.结论 短期观察,壳聚糖/甘油磷酸钠水凝胶可用于动脉瘤栓塞.     

化疗灌注联合动脉栓塞术治疗宫颈妊娠分析

目的 探讨子宫动脉化疗灌注加栓塞术在治疗宫颈妊娠中的作用。方法对25例宫颈妊娠患者行选择性双侧子宫动脉插管,灌注甲氨蝶呤,后用聚乙烯醇颗粒栓塞双侧子宫动脉,1周后行刮宫手术。结果25例患者均成功行双侧子宫动脉化疗灌注加栓塞术,术后1周行刮宫手术,手术顺利、出血量少,未出现严重并发症。结论子宫动脉化疗灌注加栓塞术联合刮宫手术是保守治疗宫颈妊娠的一种安全有效的方法。     

急性肾动脉下腹主动脉栓塞诊治的探讨

目的 探讨急性肾动脉下腹主动脉栓塞的合理诊治.方法 对2005年1月至2008年12月收治的6例急性肾动脉下腹主动脉栓塞患者的临床资料进行分析;3例经双侧股动脉切开Fogarty导管取栓术,2例经腹主动脉切开取栓术;1例只接受抗凝治疗.结果 本组治愈2例,2例接受截肢共3条肢体,2例死亡.住院时间4h至122 d,平均(24±55)d.4例患者出院后口服抗凝剂,均无腹主动脉及远端血管栓塞,2例下肢肌力较术前略差.结论 及早抗凝、溶栓和积极手术取栓治疗可提高急性肾动脉下腹主动脉栓塞的治愈率和降低其病死率;围手术期要重视预防和处理缺血再灌注损伤;病情危重不能耐受手术者可积极使用抗凝、溶栓治疗.     

Neuroform支架辅助可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗破裂性巨型颅内动脉瘤

目的 探讨Neuroform支架植入结合可脱性弹簧罔栓塞治疗破裂性巨型颅内宽颈动脉瘤的疗效、技术要点、安全性和防治并发症.方法 对诊断为破裂性巨型颅内动脉瘤10例患者,首先将Neuroform支架瘤颈成形,将微导管通过支架网眼植入动脉瘤内,填塞弹簧圈.结果 所有病例栓塞操作均顺利完成,无手术并发症;其中致密填塞9例,部分致密填塞1例,术后患者均恢复良好.8例栓塞后6～17个月进行造影随访,均无变化.结论 Neumform支架辅助可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗破裂性巨型颅内动脉瘤具有微创、安全、可靠、有效的优点,操作经验丰富的医师可将其并发症降到最低点.     

顽固性咯血支气管动脉造影及栓塞方法与疗效研究

目的对内科治疗不能有效止血的顽固性咯血患者,寻求效果肯定、快捷、安全的治疗方法。方法对56例顽固性咯血患者及时采用seldinger导管法行支气管动脉造影,并对出血病变血管予以明胶海绵（或）和Fe304微粒或小号不锈钢圈作选择性栓塞,术后随访观察近期和远期疗效。结果56例中立即止血49例（87.50%）,近期总有效率为100%。远期观察1.5～11年,平均随访39.7个月,单纯明胶海绵栓塞者复发2例,疗效持久巩固率为96.43%。结论支气管动脉造影并选择性病变血管栓塞疗法,对顽固性咯血疗效可靠,且快捷,安全,巩固 对明确病变血管形态异常者宜采用永久性材料或＂双重＂栓塞。     

Hydrodynamic evaluation of axillary artery perfusion for normal and diseased aorta

Axillary artery perfusion is an attractive alternative to reduce the frequency of atheroembolism in extensive atherosclerotic aorta and aortic aneurysms. This study was conducted to evaluate the flow dynamics of axillary artery perfusion. Transparent glass models of a normal aortic arch and an aortic arch aneurysm were used to evaluate hydrodynamic properties. Streamline analysis and distribution of the shear stress was evaluated using a particle image velocity method. In the normal aortic arch model, rapid flow of 80 cm/s from the right axillary artery ran out from the brachiocephalic artery and grazed the lesser curvature of the aortic arch. There was secondary reversed flow in the ascending aorta. Flow from left axillary perfusion went straight to the descending aorta. In the aortic arch aneurysm model, flow from both axillary arteries hit the lesser curvature of the aortic arch and went into the ascending aorta with vortical flow. Distribution of shear stress was high along the jet from the ostium of the brachiocephalic artery and left subclavian artery. Flow in the aortic arch and the ascending aorta was unexpectedly rapid. Special care must be taken when the patient has frail atheroma around arch vessels or the lesser curvature of the aortic arch during axillary artery perfusion.     

Floating thrombus in the ascending aorta

Floating thrombus in the ascending aorta is an uncommon source of embolism. We report a case of a 61-year-old man who was admitted to our hospital for transient brain ischemic attack. Transesophageal echocardiography showed a floating mass on the sinotubular junction. We started anticoagulation therapy immediately and performed surgical removal of the mass 5 days after the admission. Postoperative course was uneventful. He is now in good health and has no sign of recurrence. The etiology of this case is unclear, and the strategy is difficult to determine in terms of cerebral complications.