输卵管妊娠与人巨细胞病毒、弓形虫感染的相关性研究

目的　研究人巨细胞病毒、弓形虫感染与输卵管妊娠的相关性。方法　采用酶联免疫吸附测定 (ELISA)方法和聚合酶链反应 (PCR)技术检测输卵管妊娠患者与对照组血清人巨细胞病毒 (HCMV)和弓形虫 (TOXO)抗体以及生殖道HCMV和TOXODNA。结果　病例组血清HCMVIgG抗体阳性检出率为 31 9% ,明显高于对照组15 8% (P <0 0 5 ) ;HCMVIgM抗体、TOXOIgG、IgM抗体检出率均高于对照组 ,在统计学上无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;病例组宫颈、宫腔及输卵管组织中均分离到HCMVDNA和TOXODNA ,且宫颈HCMVDNA阳性检出率为14 3% ,明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　输卵管妊娠与HCMV感染有关 ,TOXO感染为输卵管妊娠的可疑因素。     

老年卧床病人鼻饲并发症的护理干预

目的　通过护理干预 (增加置入胃管深度、抬高床头、适宜鼻饲量及鼻饲速度 )预防鼻饲时出现的呛咳、食物反流、胃潴留以及吸入性肺炎。方法　将 16例老年卧床鼻饲患者随机分成四组 ,对照组给予教科书上常规的置管深度及鼻饲方法 ;实验一组 (A)给予常规置管深度 ,鼻饲时抬高床头 30～ 80cm ;实验二组 (B)置管深度延长 8～ 10cm ,实验三组 (C)置管深度延长8～ 10cm ,鼻饲时抬高床头 30～ 80cm(坐位或半坐位 ) ,保持该体位 30min。结果　四组病人比较呛咳 ,对照组与实验组 (A、B、C)P <0 .0 1,差异有统计学意义 ;食物返流率P <0 .0 5 ;胃潴留对照组与实验组P >0 .0 5 ,差异无统计学意义 ;吸入性肺炎对照组 2例 ,A、B组各 1例 ,C组无发生。结论　护理干预可以减少与预防鼻饲并发症的发生。     

老年病人鼻饲方法的改进

目的探讨增加置管深度并抬高床头对预防老年鼻饲病人食物反流的效果。方法将 5 75例需鼻饲的卧床老年病人按鼻饲医嘱时间顺序及不平衡指数最小原则分成三组 ,分别给予教科书中的常规置管深度置管 (对照组 )、置管深度延长 10cm(观察 1组 )、置管深度延长 10cm并抬高床头 30～ 45°(观察 2组 )进行鼻饲。结果三组病人食物反流率比较 ,P <0 .0 1;观察 1、2组分别与对照组比较 ,P <0 .0 5、P <0 .0 1;观察 1组与观察 2组比较 ,P <0 .0 1。增加置管深度并抬高床头其食物反流率最低 ,仅增加置管深度次之 ,常规置管最高。结论增加置管深度并抬高床头可显著降低老年鼻饲病人食物反流发生率。     

院前紧急气管插管与机械通气24例临床分析

目的总结紧急气管插管与机械通气在院前急救中应用的经验,以期提高院前急救水平。方法回顾性分析24例院前气管插管与机械通气抢救心搏呼吸骤停病人的临床资料。结果24例病人气管内插管均获成功,成功率100%。完成气管内插管的时间是15s～60s,平均时间(25±15)s。心搏、自主呼吸恢复4例(16.7%),心搏恢复8例(33.3%);心搏及自主呼吸均未恢复12例(50.0%)。结论气管插管与机械通气是急诊抢救危重病人的基础,对保证进一步心肺复苏、挽留手术机会以及提高危重患者抢救成功率有重要意义。要加强对抢救人员进行紧急气管插管和机械通气的培训。     

146例女性不孕症的病因分析

目的 分析女性不孕的病因。方法 收集1990-2000年我院女性不孕症146例，不孕时间2年以上。结果 不孕症的主要原因是子宫因素，感染因素及内分泌失调，原发性不孕以子宫因素为主，继发性不孕则以感染因素为主。结论 女性不孕症的原因常是多因素的，必须采用综合治疗，才能提高妊娠率。     

非典型输卵管妊娠的临床与超声

输卵管妊娠是一种常见的妇科急腹症 ,对妇女造成极大的危害 ,诊断不及时甚至可危及生命。近 2 0年来全世界异位妊娠的发病率均有显著增加 ,发生率增长了 2～ 3倍。我国部分地区统计异位妊娠与正常妊娠之比为 1∶ 4 3～ 1∶ 5 0 [1～ 5] ,其原因如下 :(1)诊断方法先进 ,手段增多 ,检出率提高 ;(2 )盆腔炎症未彻底治疗 ;(3)性病的蔓延流行等高危因素。为了提高对异位妊娠的诊断水平 ,特别是非典型输卵管妊娠 ,有必要再复习一下异位妊娠的成因、病理、临床及超声声像图的各种表现。1　病　因病因是多方面的 ,如生殖细胞精子畸形、核型分类异常、染色体异常、卵发育停滞、受精卵发育不良、着床部位异常。盆腔炎造成输卵管周围粘连影响输卵管蠕动 ,伞端粘连影响捕捉孕卵功能 ,使输卵管半阻塞、狭窄乃至阻塞 ,纤毛粘连成瘢痕。性传播性疾病 ,特别是沙眼衣原体与异位妊娠的关系 ,Martin,Chow等人研究结果表明异位妊娠患者与沙眼衣原体感染有关 [6 ,7] 。输卵管本身的因素 ,如手术、炎症 ,造成肌层增生、狭窄等。宫内避孕器可降低输卵管妊娠 95 % ,研究表明带避孕器者好发于输卵管伞端。人工流产可增加宫...     

支气管结核48例临床分析

目的：探索支气管结核的临床特征及诊断方法。方法：分析48例1995-2001年支气管结核临床表现，影像学及纤支镜检查结果。结果：48例患者中青年女性明显高于其他组占66.7%(32/48)，咳嗽42例（87.5％），咯血10例（20.8％），胸痛13例（27%），气促28例（58.3%），发热12例（25%），乏力盗汗19例（39.5%）。胸片及CT示：肺内浸润渗出性病灶32例（66.7），空调6例（12.5%），肺不张20例（41.7%），阻塞性肺炎18例（37.5%），肺门及纵隔淋巴结肿大9例（18%），痰涂片结核菌阳性率为37.5%，纤支镜刷检结核菌阳性率为45.8%，组织活检中57.5%证实为结核。结论：当有支气管结核临床表现时，应行胸部X线、CT检查，有条件者行张支镜检查，纤支镜检查是诊断支气管结核最重要的方法。     

Design and Performance of Blanket Heat Shields for Neonates

ABSTRACT. Background: Several designs of plastic blanket heat shields are in use. This study was done to compare different designs for their efficiency in reducing heat loss. Methods: Four heat shield designs were tested by sequentially covering each of 14 infants (wt. 640–2030 g) cared for under radiant warmers. The power consumption of the radiant warmers was measured as a surrogate for. heat loss. All designs were tested for a total of 20 min on all infants. Results were calculated as percent change in power consumption from shield to shield. The most efficient design was further modified and evaluated in another group of 14 infants (wt. 700–1180 g). Results: The relative reductions in power consumption were: no shield (control) –0%, a plastic foil over the side rails: –17%, a single layer close to the infant but excluding the head: –34%, the same as double layer –37% and the most efficient one, a single layer covering the whole infant –42%. A modification of this design, tested in the second group of infants, reduced power consumption by 13% (95% CI –5.9/–19.7), ( p < 0.004) when compared to the single layer covering the whole infant. It was tucked under the connecting tubes to the ventilator. It also reduced the risk for displacement and allowed for the endotracheal tube to be suctioned without removing the blanket. Conclusion: Modifications of the design of heat shield blankets for infants resulted in significant increases in efficiency.     

Accidental bronchial intubation An analysis of AIMS incident reports from 1988 to 1994 inclusive

Accidental bronchial intubation was examined in the first 3947 cases reported to the Australian Incident Monitoring Study and was found to have accounted for 154 (3.7%) of the total incidents reported. Most incidents were detected in the operating theatre (93.5%) and during maintenance of anaesthesia (77.9%), by unexplained oxygen desaturation alone (63.6%). Capnography remained normal or unremarkable during 88.5% of the episodes. One-third of cases were associated with head or neck surgery and possible flexion of the patient's head. A RAE tube was used in 20% of incidents, a greater frequency than occurred in the study overall. A third party was implicated in 36 (23.4%) of cases. Ninety per cent of cases were considered preventable. Major morbidity occurred in three cases and unplanned intensive care admission was required in a further five. Almost two-thirds (61.1%) of the incidents might have been avoided by the proposed markings on the tracheal tube. We conclude that when arterial desaturation occurs at any stage during anaesthesia the possibility of bronchial intubation must be considered. Asymmetrical ventilation may be difficult to detect clinically and in most cases there is no change in capnography.     

Intramuscular dexmedetomidine premedication—an alternative to midazolam-fentanyl-combination in elective hysterectomy?

Sedation, anxiolysis, intubation responses and fentanyl anaesthetic requirements were investigated in a double-blind, randomized study in twenty ASA I-II elective hysterectomy patients. Ten patients received dexmedetomidine 2.5 μg kg^-1 i.m. 60 min before induction and saline placebo i.v. 2 min prior to induction (= DP group). Ten patients received midazolam 0.08 mg kg^-1 i.m. 60 min and fentanyl 1.5 μg kg^-1 i.v. (= MF group) 2 min before induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone 4 mg kg^-1. Anaesthesia was maintained with 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen and with fentanyl 2 μg kg^-1 i.v. increments according to predetermined criteria. Both premedications induced sedation ( P < 0.01 in both groups) and anxiolysis ( P < 0.01 in DP vs <0.05 in MF group) without any differences between the groups. Haemodynamic changes following tracheal intubation did not significantly differ between the groups. Intraoperatively systolic and diastolic arterial pressure were 15% and 13% lower in DP group ( P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 for drug effect), the mean heart rate was approximately 9 beats min^-1 lower in DP group (n.s.). Fentanyl was required more often in MF group: median 3.5 (QD 1.5) vs. 2.5 (QD 0.5) times in DP group ( P < 0.05), the total amount being 57% smaller in DP group: 0.03 (QD 0.01) vs. 0.07 (QD 0.02) μg kg^-1 min^-1 ( P < 0.05). Postoperative course and analgesic requirements were similar in both groups. Dexmedetomidine premedication may offer an alternative to current anaesthesia practice in elective hysterectomy.