比较靶身高评估四川大学生终身高方法

目的：用两种靶身高评估方法（CMH、FPH）试评估一组已达终身高的四川的大学生,拟了解何种方法更适合本地区儿童,为临床应用提供参考.方法：对已达终身高的川籍大学生525例（男277例,女248例）准确测定其身高,调查父母身高,用CMH、FPH方法计算各组的靶身高,再与终身高比较.结果：城乡父母身高SDS有差异（男：父母P=0.000;女：父P=0.000,母P=0.022）.经济收入不同身高有差异（男P=0.001,女P=0.048）,瑞士、香港（中国）四川身高有差异（P=0.000）.不同性别FH与CMH相关性P=0.000（男、女（r）0.403,0.618）;与FPH相关性P=0.000（男、女（r）0.372,0.615）;男女两种方法所得剩余身高与终身高的相关性都较好.四川男生CMH剩余身高与FH接近（0.53）、四川女生FPH剩余身高与FH接近（-0.79）.结论：种族与经济状况对终身高有较大影响.四川男女各自对靶身高适应性不同,CMH适用前者,FMH适用后者.     

WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age

Aim: To describe the methods used to construct the WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age, and to present resulting growth charts. Methods: The WHO Child Growth Standards were derived from an international sample of healthy breastfed infants and young children raised in environments that do not constrain growth. Rigorous methods of data collection and standardized procedures across study sites yielded very high-quality data. The generation of the standards followed methodical, state-of-the-art statistical methodologies. The Box-Cox power exponential (BCPE) method, with curve smoothing by cubic splines, was used to construct the curves. The BCPE accommodates various kinds of distributions, from normal to skewed or kurtotic, as necessary. A set of diagnostic tools was used to detect possible biases in estimated percentiles or z-score curves. Results: There was wide variability in the degrees of freedom required for the cubic splines to achieve the best model. Except for length/height-for-age, which followed a normal distribution, all other standards needed to model skewness but not kurtosis. Length-for-age and height-for-age standards were constructed by fitting a unique model that reflected the 0.7-cm average difference between these two measurements. The concordance between smoothed percentile curves and empirical percentiles was excellent and free of bias. Percentiles and z-score curves for boys and girls aged 0–60 mo were generated for weight-for-age, length/height-for-age, weight-for-length/height (45 to 110 cm and 65 to 120 cm, respectively) and body mass index-for-age.
Conclusion: The WHO Child Growth Standards depict normal growth under optimal environmental conditions and can be used to assess children everywhere, regardless of ethnicity, socio-economic status and type of feeding.     

The Herniated Thoracic Disc: A Review of Literature

Abstract

This literature review discusses the epidemiology and etiology of thoracic disc lesions and describes signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Data presented in case series reports published between 1985-2001 is summarized: Thoracic disc herniations are more common than previously thought. They may cause mild, moderate, severe or confusing symptoms or be asymptomatic; 49% of cases were in men and 51% in women. Trauma was a precipitating factor in 31%; multiple herniations were reported in 9%. In symptomatic cases, 57% of patients presented with radicular pain, 48% with back pain, 63% with weakness, 60% with sensory complaints, 25% with bowel or bladder symptoms, and 59% with hyperreflexia. Typical presentations of upper, middle, and lower thoracic disc are summarized. Diagnosis is made by correlating clinical signs and symptoms with the results of diagnostic imaging. Surgery is recommended for patients with progressive neurological dysfunction. Research on the efficacy of conservative treatment is lacking in the literature.     

Landing on Your Own Two Feet: A Case Report of Bilateral Calcaneus and Open Pilon Fractures

High energy fractures of the distal tibial plafond and calcaneus have been associated with high functional morbidity and wound complications. Although both of these fractures result from a similar mechanism, they have rarely been reported to occur on an ipsilateral extremity. The combination of these 2 injuries on the same extremity would increase the likelihood of an adverse surgical or functional outcome. We present the case and management strategy of a 43-year-old male with bilateral open pilon fractures and closed calcaneal fractures after falling from a height. A staged protocol was used for the bilateral pilon fractures, with external fixation until operative fixation on day 9. Nonoperative management of the calcaneal fractures resulted in a successful functional outcome at 10 months of follow-up. Treatment of this fracture pattern must incorporate the condition of the soft tissues, an understanding of the fractures, and minimize patient risk factors to optimize the functional and surgical outcomes.     

哈尔滨市中小学生身材比例变化情况

目的 分析1999和2010年哈尔滨7 ～18岁儿童青少年身材比例的变化特点,为及时识别或发现身体的生长异常提供基础数据.方法 1999,2010年分别对分层整群抽取的哈尔滨市城区7～18岁3 162名,3 971名学生进行身高、坐高、腓骨点高等指标的测量,并统计分析.结果 哈尔滨城市男女学生身高、坐高、小腿长随着年龄增加而增长,2010年各指标值高于1999年.1999,2010年哈尔滨城市男女学生坐高/腿长变化随年龄增长逐渐下降,15岁以后基本稳定,但1999年多于半数的年龄组此值大于2010年.1999和2010年,1O岁之后女生坐高/腿长均高于男生.1999年与2010年哈尔滨城市男女学生小腿长/腿长集中在0.52 ～0.54之间；男、女生差异不明显.结论 近11 a来,哈尔滨7～ 18岁城市男女学生身高、坐高、小腿长均有所增长；坐高/腿长在青春期前性别和年份差异不明显,青春期后女性略高于男性；小腿长/腿长不存在明显的年份和性别差异.     

Guidebook for Nutrition Counselors

Background: Because accurate measures of recumbent length are essential to assess growth and energy requirements of mobility-impaired individuals with cerebral palsy (CP), a reliable and simple method of estimating recumbent length is required. Prediction of recumbent length from knee height in this population has not yet been investigated.

Objectives: i) To correlate direct measures of recumbent length in mobility-impaired individuals having lower leg extremity cerebral palsy (LECP) involvement with indirect measures of recumbent length calculated using knee-height prediction equations and ii) to determine if knee height is a reliable predictor of recumbent length in this population.

Methods: Subjects (n=34; 15F, 19M), aged 6 to 30 years, were participants in a six-month nutrition rehabilitation program. All subjects had varying degrees of LECP involvement. Recumbent length to the nearest 0.5 cm was measured by standardised techniques. Knee height was measured to the nearest 0.5 centimetre using sliding callipers. Equations based on normal, healthy individuals with application to mobility-impaired or handicapped individuals were used to predict recumbent length from knee height.

Results: Direct measures of recumbent length of subjects significantly correlated with indirect measures calculated using knee height prediction equations (R=0.88, p≤0.0001). In addition, knee height of these subjects was a reliable predictor of recumbent length (R²=0.78, p<0.0001).

Conclusions: Results suggest that knee height may be a reliable predictor for recumbent length in this population.     

Anthropometric characteristics and comorbidities in Japanese patients with neurofibromatosis type 1: A single institutional case–control study

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a well‐known genetic disorder characterized by café‐au‐lait spots and neurofibromas, but many other clinical characteristics and associated comorbidities also have been reported. This study aimed to characterize NF1 further by investigating its association with anthropometric characteristics and other diseases. We performed a case–control study of 227 NF1 patients (101 male, 126 female) and a randomly selected age‐ and sex‐matched control group of 681 non‐NF1 patients (303 male, 378 female) who visited our institution in Japan. We examined adult (≥20 years) height and body mass index (BMI), and, in the total sample, allergic diseases (bronchial asthma [BA], atopic dermatitis [AD] and allergic rhinitis) and other respiratory cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders. In adults, the mean BMI was lower in the NF1 group than in the control group, and was significantly statistically different among men (P = 0.0238). In the whole sample, the prevalences of BA (P = 0.0184), AD (P = 0.0144) and valvular heart disease (P = 0.0166) were significantly greater in the NF1 group than in the control group. To date, no similar research on the BMI or the prevalence of allergic disease in NF1 patients has been reported. Our results suggest that NF1 patients tend to have lower BMI and may have alterations in specific metabolic pathways and altered allergic immunity.