氨力农及抑肽酶对瓣膜置换术围手术期炎症细胞因子释放影响的随机对照研究

目的　了解氨力农及抑肽酶对瓣膜置换术患者围手术期全身炎症应答的影响。方法　将接受瓣膜置换手术的 2 4例患者随机分为对照组 (A组 ,n=8)、抑肽酶组 (B组 ,n=8)和氨力农加抑肽酶组 (C组 ,n=8)。 A组患者不使用抑肽酶 ;B组患者于预充液中加入抑肽酶 30 0万单位 ;C组患者开胸前按 1mg/ kg静脉注射氨力农 ,然后以 8μg/ (kg· m in)静脉泵入直到停机 ,并在转流前将抑肽酶 30 0万单位加入预充液。分别于术前、停机、停机后 1小时及术后 1天抽取患者外周血 ,用 IL - 6和 IL - 8EL ISA试剂盒双抗体夹心 EL ISA法测定 IL - 6和 IL - 8。结果　体外循环术前 ,三组患者血浆中的 IL - 6和 IL - 8水平无明显差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。体外循环术后 ,三组患者血浆中 IL - 6和 IL - 8水平均明显升高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,术后 1天虽仍高于术前 ,但差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 )。停机后 1小时的 IL - 6水平 ,B组低于 A组 ,C组低于 B组 ,但这种差异无统计学意义 (P>0 .0 5 )。 B组及 C组停机后的 IL - 8水平也低于 A组同期水平 ,C组在此时间点和停机后 1小时亦低于 B组和 A组 ,但这些差异亦无统计学意义 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　尽管氨力农和抑肽酶均有抗炎症的效应 ,但是仅在预充液中加入抑肽酶或在此基础上联合应用氨力农 ,均难以完全抑     

Changes in coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters caused by extracorporeal circulation

Summary During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) mechanical stress and the contact of blood with artificial surfaces lead to the activation of pro- and anticoagulant systems and the complement cascade, and to changes in cellular components. This phenomenon causes the postperfusion-syndrome, with leukocytosis, increased capillary permeability, accumulation of interstitial fluid, and organ dysfunction. In this study, we focused on the influence of the extracorporeal circulation, sternotomy, and heparin administration on the activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. In 15 patients we investigated coagulation parameters before, during and post CPB, i.e., fibrinogen, antithrombin (AT) III, thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), prothrombin fragments F1 + 2 (F1 + 2), factor (F) XIIa, tissue factor (TF), and parameters of the fibrinolytic system, i.e., plasmin-antiplasmin-complex (PAP), D-dimer, tissueplasminogen-activator (tPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), and plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI 1). The results demonstrate distinct alterations in the above mentioned parameters. Despite administration of a high dose of heparin (activated clotting time [ACT] > 450s) combined with a low dose of aprotinin, activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways was observed. We found this activation was mainly caused by CPB and not by sternotomy. The activation of coagulation was due to foreign surface contact (F XII F XIIa) as well as to an effect of tissue factor release in the late phase of CPB. The enhanced fibrinolytic activity during CPB was, at least in part, caused by tPA and was followed by PAI 1 release.     

乌司他丁和抑肽酶对体外循环小儿炎性反应及心肌损伤的影响

目的研究乌司他丁和抑肽酶对体外循环（CPB）小儿炎性反应及心肌损伤的影响。方法选择拟行CPB的先天性心脏病患儿90例,随机分成6组,每组15例：对照组（C组,不使用乌司他丁及抑肽酶）、小剂量乌司他丁组（UL组,乌司他丁1万U/kg）、大剂量乌司他丁组（UH组,乌司他丁2万U/kg）、小剂量抑肽酶组（AL组,抑肽酶7．5万KIU/kg）、大剂量抑肽酶组（AH组,抑肽酶15万KIU/ kg）、小剂量乌司他丁复合小剂量抑肽酶组（UL＋AL组,乌司他丁1万U/kg＋抑肽酶7．5万KIU/kg）。乌司他丁或/和抑肽酶按各组要求剂量在转机前一次性加入预充液中。于CPB前（T1）、升主动脉开放5 min（T2）、CPB结束后30 min（T3）、4 h（T4）抽取动脉血,测定血浆IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、TNF-α、cTnI浓度及CK-MB活性,记录术后辅助通气时间、24 h引流量、心脏复跳情况及围术期多巴胺使用情况。结果与C组比较,在T2～T4时,UH组、AH组、UL＋AL,组血浆IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、cTnI浓度及CK-MB活性降低;AH组、UL＋AL组IL-10增高（P＜0．05）;UL＋AL组心脏自动复跳率（100％）增高,血管活性药物使用率较低,术后辅助通气时间较短（P＜0．05）;AH组术后出血量较少（P＜0．05）。结论大剂量乌司他丁、大剂量抑肽酶及小剂量乌司他丁复合小剂量抑肽酶,均可通过抑制CPB炎性反应、减轻小儿心肌损伤,小剂量乌司他丁复合小剂量抑肽酶效果更佳。     

Laparoscopic splenectomy in a patient with acquired angioneurotic edema.

BACKGROUND: We report the case of a 77-year-old female with acquired angioneurotic edema, C1 esterase inhibitor level = 4mg/dL, who was scheduled to undergo laparoscopic splenectomy. METHODS: In the operating room, we administered on call 500 units (UI) of C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate intravenously. Intraoperative hemodynamic instability and generalized blood oozing improved following the administration of aprotinin 250000 UI intravenous (IV) drip. CONCLUSION: We recommend the administration of an antifibrinolytic agent in addition to C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate in patients with acquired angioneurotic edema.     

抑肽酶对肝移植患者血流动力学的保护作用

目的通过观察抑肽酶对接受原位肝移植的终末期肝病患者术中连续心排量(CCO)、体循环阻力(SVR)、肺循环阻(PVR)等参数的影响,探讨抑肽酶在肝移植手术中的血流动力学保护作用。方法64例接受同种异体肝移植的终末期肝病患者,随机分为两组:抑肽酶组(A组n=32)和对照组(C组n=32)。分别记录无肝前期、无肝期、新肝期和手术结束时(再灌注后2h)的MABP、CCO、SVR、PVR、MPAP、CVP等血流动力学参数,及两组患者术中血液制品和血管活性药物的使用情况,观察抑肽酶对血流动力学的影响。结果①抑肽酶组术中血液制品和血管活性药物的使用量明显少于对照组;②抑肽酶能明显减轻术中MABP、CCO、SVR、PVR、MPAP、CVP等血流动力学参数的波动范围,从而维持血流动力学的相对稳定。结论肝移植患者术中预防性使用抑肽酶可以减少术中失血量,降低血液制品的使用量,减少血管活性药物的使用次数,更有利于维持血流动力学的稳定性。     

抑肽酶对体外循环中细胞因子的作用及影响

目的研究体外循环(CPB)心脏直视手术中细胞因子如肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α、白介素IL-6、白介素IL-8的变化,观察抑肽酶对体外循环炎性反应的抑制作用。方法20例心脏瓣膜手术患者随机分为抑肽酶组(A组)和对照组(C组),每组10例:对照组不给药,抑肽酶组给抑肽酶总量300万KIU,其中50万KIU为麻醉诱导前给予,250万KIU预充体外循环机内。分别于CPB前(T1)、升主动脉阻断半小时(T2)、CPB结束(T3)、停CPB后2h(T4)各时间点抽取静脉血,采用酶联免疫试剂盒测定TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8的水平。结果两组患者血浆TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平有明显增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),但与对照组相比,抑肽酶组血清中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的浓度明显受到抑制(P<0.01),升高的幅度明显低于对照组。结论在CPB过程中,抑肽酶可能通过降低TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8等细胞因子水平,从而减轻炎性反应达到减轻缺血再灌注损伤的目的。     

Maintaining blood flow in the extracorporeal circuit: haemostasis and anticoagulation

Objectives To review the methods and developments in maintaining extracorporeal circuits in critically ill patients. Design The review includes details of the pathophysiological processes of haemostasis and coagulation in critically ill patients, methods of maintaining blood flow in the extracorporeal circuit and methods of monitoring anticoagulation agents used. Setting Information is relevant to the management of critically ill patients requiring extracorporeal renal and respiratory support and cardiopulmonary bypass. Conclusions Heparin is the mainstay of anticoagulation for the extracorporeal circuit although the complex abnormalities of the coagulation system in critically ill patients are associated with a considerable risk of bleeding. Alternative therapeutic agents and physical strategies (prostacyclin, low molecular weight heparin, sodium citrate, regional anticoagulation, heparin bonding and attention to circuit design) may reduce the risk of bleeding but expense and difficulty in monitoring are disadvantages.     

重症肝炎肝移植围术期应用抑肽酶对血管活性药物和输血输液需求的影响

目的探讨重症肝炎患者肝移植围术期应用抑肽酶对血管活性药物和输血输液需求的影响。方法重症肝炎40例随机分为抑肽酶组:微泵持续输入抑肽酶(4×106)U/h;对照组:输等容量生理盐水。观察两组患者肝移植围术期血流动力学、血液丢失量、输血和输液总量、血管活性药物用量、术后引流量、红细胞压积等临床情况。结果两组患者同一时间点的血流动力学和红细胞压积无显著性差异;抑肽酶组手术各期出血量和总出血量明显低于对照组(P<0.05),红细胞、血浆、血小板和液体输入量明显少于对照组(P<0.05);抑肽酶组无肝期和新肝期多巴胺、新肝期肾上腺素用量均少于对照组(P<0.05);两组去甲肾上腺素用量无显著性差异。结论重症肝炎肝移植围术期应用抑肽酶,可显著减少围术期失血、减少血液和液体的输注量,一定程度减少血管活性药物的需求。     

实验性大鼠脑出血后神经肽Y的变化及抑肽酶的干预作用

目的观察大鼠脑出血后神经肽Y的表达与脑出血后脑含水量变化的关系,以及抑肽酶对其的影响。方法通过采用未抗凝新鲜自体股动脉血注入大鼠尾状核建立脑出血动物模型,用放射免疫法测定脑出血后6h和1、3、5及7天神经肽Y的变化,用干重—湿重法测定脑出血后脑含水量的变化,并与神经肽Y进行相关分析。结果与对照组比较,血肿周围组织中神经肽Y水平在脑出血后1天和3天时显著升高(P<0.05),6天时降至正常。血肿周围组织含水量在脑出血后6h轻度增加,1天时显著增加(P<0.01),3天时达高峰(P<0.01),以后逐渐下降,7天时基本恢复正常水平;抑肽酶组脑含水量及神经肽Y含量均明显减少。结论神经肽Y可能参与实验性脑出血后血肿周围水肿的形成;抑肽酶对二者有抑制作用,抑肽酶可能有助于减轻脑出血后脑水肿的形成。