后路椎弓根螺钉系统矫正青少年特发性脊柱侧凸术后主动脉位置变化分析

【摘要】 目的：评价接受后路椎弓根螺钉系统矫正手术的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者术前、术后1周和术后2年主动脉相对于脊柱的空间位置变化。方法：研究对象为接受后路椎弓根螺钉系统矫正手术的22例右胸主弯的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者。通过三维重建CT测量患者术前、术后1周、术后2年主动脉位置和顶椎旋转畸形情况,测量参数包括主动脉-椎体距离、主动脉-椎体角、主动脉-椎管距离、左侧椎弓根螺钉长度和顶椎旋转角。通过X线片测量胸主弯的Cobb角和胸椎后凸角。结果：术前主胸弯Cobb角为57.5°±9.8°,术后1周矫正至13.6°±6.5°,术后2年时为16.2°±6.8°;主胸弯Cobb角矫正率术后1周时为77.5%,术后2年时为73.3%。术前顶椎轴面旋转角为29.4°±9.3°,术后1周矫正至14.6°±6.9°,术后2年时为17.4°±6.8°;顶椎旋转畸形的矫正率术后1周时为49.5%,术后2年时为39.7%。主动脉-椎体距离在T6～T11节段术前显著大于术后1周（P<0.05）;在T7～T9节段术后2年显著大于术后1周（P<0.05）。主动脉-椎体角在T5～T11节段术前显著大于术后1周（P<0.05）;在T7～T10节段术后2年显著大于术后1周（P<0.05）。主动脉-椎管距离在T7～T11节段术前显著小于术后1周（P<0.05）;在T6～T10节段术后2年显著小于术后1周（P<0.05）。结论：右胸主弯的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者中,术后主动脉相对于脊柱的位置较术前向前内侧移位,术后2年较术后向后外侧移位。在使用椎弓根螺钉系统治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的手术中应该避免椎弓根螺钉穿出椎体前皮质或者椎弓根外侧皮质而导致主动脉损伤。     

NF-1伴非萎缩型胸椎侧凸与胸弯型AIS及正常青少年矢状面形态的比较研究

[目的]探讨青少年I型神经纤维瘤病(neurofibromatosis type 1,NF-1)伴非萎缩型胸椎侧凸与青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者及正常青少年矢状面脊柱、骨盆形态的差异。[方法]回顾分析2001年1月～2012年12月期间在本院手术治疗且侧凸Cobb角<70°的15例NF-1伴非萎缩型胸椎侧凸青少年患者(NF-1组)。选择与NF-1患者年龄、性别、弯型以及侧凸Cobb角匹配的15例AIS患者(AIS组)进行比较,并以年龄、性别匹配的30名正常青少年作对照(control group,CTL组)。全部研究对象均拍摄站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片并测量以下参数评估矢状面的形态:胸椎后凸角、胸腰段交界角、腰椎前凸角、骨盆入射角、骨盆倾斜角、骶骨倾斜角、脊柱倾斜度和脊柱骶骨角。采用单因素方差分析三组矢状面各参数的异同。[结果]15例NF-1患者中TK不足者及后凸畸形各1例,其余13例均为正常范围(10°～40°),NF-1组平均TK为(25.6±7.6)°,明显大于AIS组的(16.5±5.4)°(P<0.05);NF-1组LL为(-53.8±6.4)°,AIS为(-47.8±4.2)°,两者有显著性差异(P<0.05)。NF-1组与CTL组比较显示各参数均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。[结论]NF-1伴非萎缩型胸椎侧凸患者矢状面形态与正常青少年无明显差异:没有明显的胸椎后凸畸形,也无AIS患者明显胸椎后凸不足表现,提示此类患者术后远期矢状面上的并发症可能与术前的矢状面形态无明显相关性。     

An unusual case of congenital scoliosis associated with rib agenesis in the upper part of the concavity treated by VEPTR vertebra to vertebra

Background contextRib agenesis in congenital scoliosis is rarely encountered, and its disposal in the application area of the proximal vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR) module is a challenge to the orthopedic surgeon.PurposeTo present a case in which known treatment methods in early-onset scoliosis were not possible to apply.Study designCase report.MethodsA patient aged 1 year and 10 months, presenting a congenital scoliosis with the following characteristics: left T3 hemisegmented hemivertebra, T5–T6–T7 hemivertebral segment, T9, T10 trapezoidal vertebrae, right side I–IV rib agenesis with T1–T2–T4 hemivertebral hypoplasia (T3 agenesis) and bilateral XIIth rib agenesis, and V–VI and VII–VIII–IX fused ribs on the right side. We applied a standard VEPTR in a new construct, vertebra to vertebra.ResultsThe VEPTR vertebra to vertebra proved to be an efficient and stabile construct after 1.5 years of follow-up and three device distractions in a row. The curve corrected from 100 to 58 Cobb degrees.ConclusionsWe believe that the vertebra-to-vertebra construct with eventual modifications may be a solution in the treatment of early-onset scoliosis needing surgery, which associate rib agenesis in the area where the proximal module has to be applied.     

Comparison of the ACL and ACL graft forces before and after ACL reconstruction an in-vitro robotic investigation

Background?Long-term follow-up studies have indi-cated that there is an increased incidence of arthrosis following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruc-tion, suggesting that the reconstruction may not repro-duce intact ACL biomechanics. We studied not only the magnitude but also the orientation of the ACL and ACL graft forces

Methods?10 knee specimens were tested on a robotic testing system with the ACL intact, deficient, and recon-structed (using a bone-patella tendon-bone graft). The magnitude and orientation of the ACL and ACL graft forces were determined under an anterior tibial load of 130?N at full extension, and 15, 30, 60, and 90° of flexion. Orientation was described using elevation angle (the angle formed with the tibial plateau in the sagit-tal plane) and deviation angle (the angle formed with respect to the anteroposterior direction in the transverse plane)

Results?ACL reconstruction restored anterior tibial translation to within 2.6?mm of that of the intact knee under the 130-N anterior load. Average internal tibial rotation was reduced after ACL reconstruction at all flexion angles. The force vector of the ACL graft was significantly different from the ACL force vector. The average values of the elevation and deviation angles of the ACL graft forces were higher than that of the intact ACL at all flexion angles

Interpretation?Contemporary single bundle ACL reconstruction restores anterior tibial translation under anterior tibial load with different forces (both magni-tude and orientation) in the graft compared to the intact ACL. Such graft function might alter knee kinematics in other degrees of freedom and could overly constrain the tibial rotation. An anatomic ACL reconstruction should reproduce the magnitude and orientation of the intact ACL force vector, so that the 6-degrees-of-freedom knee kinematics and joint reaction forces can be restored.     

Delayed diagnosis and treatment of Tillaux fracture--a case report

Subchondral hematomas have been found with arthroscopy in one third of patients with dislocated distal radial fractures. The aim of the present, prospective study was to determine whether these hematomas might cause radiographic osteoarthrosis. We studied 41 patients (age 20–57 years, 22 women) with a dislocated distal radial fracture. At the time of fracture, 12 patients had subchondral hematomas in a radiocarpal compartment without a fracture line, as defined by arthroscopy. The 1-year follow-up included clinical and radiographic examinations.

At follow-up, radiographic subchondral bone plate changes occurred in unfractured compartments in 8 patients, of whom 7 had had a previous arthroscopically diagnosed subchondral hematoma (p?=?0.02) in the same compartment. Of the 8 patients with radiographic changes, 4 had also developed joint space narrowing (osteoarthrosis (OA) grade 1) after 1 year and 6 after 3 years. All but 1 had had a hematoma in the same compartment. More importantly, 3 of the 16 patients with entirely extra-articular fractures had subchondral bone plate changes in a compartment corresponding to a previous subchondral hematoma (p?=?0.02). One of these had also developed joint space narrowing. The patients with radiographic changes had a worse outcome, as measured with the Gartland and Werley wrist score (p?=?0.06).

In conclusion, subchondral hematomas in distal radial fractures can lead to early onset of mild OA and worse outcome after 1 year.     

Correspondence: Cox inhibitors and bone healing

No Abstract available     

A Study of Labyrinthine Function in Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis I. An Electro-Nystagmographic Study

An electro-nystagmographic study of labyrinthine function was performed in 56 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) aged from 10 to 16 years. Forty-seven patients had major structural single curvatures, and nine patients had double-primary scoliosis and were analysed separately. Treatment was required in 36 cases while 20 were being observed only. Thirty healthy children of the same ages constituted a control group.

Spontaneous nystagmus (SN) and positional nystagmus (PN) were found in 24 out of the 47 patients with single curvatures and in only one subject in the control group (P < 0.001). No significant correlation was noted between direction of convexity and nystagmus. Neither did the frequency of SN or PN differ significantly between patients requiring treatment and patients submitted to observation only. Significant differences were observed in the caloric response between right and left scoliotic patients (P < 0.05). The right convex patients had a sensitivity dominance in the right labyrinth and the left convex patients in the left labyrinth. There were no significant differences between right- and left-beating nystagmus. A dysrhythmic nystagmus occurred in the scoliotic patients with significantly increased frequency (P < 0.05). The results are discussed with special reference to aetiology in AIS. It was difficult, however, to draw any definite conclusion as to whether the findings may indicate a causative factor in relation to the idiopathic curvature or whether they might be a feed-back effect from the deformed spine.     

Airport metal detector activation is rare after posterior spinal fusion in children with scoliosis

Purpose

Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, travel security has become an ever-increasing priority in the United States. Frequent parent and patient inquiry and recent literature reports have generated interest in the impact of heightened security measures on patients with orthopaedic implants, and have indicated increasing rates of metal detector triggering. There are no reports to date, however, evaluating children and adolescents who have undergone posterior spinal fusion for scoliosis, so responses to patient and parent inquiries are not data-driven. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of airport metal detector triggering by patients who have had posterior-only spinal fusion and to characterise any potential predictors of metal detector activation.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was performed by interviewing 90 patients who underwent posterior-only spinal fusion for a diagnosis of juvenile or adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and have travelled by air in the past year. Demographic, clinical and surgical instrumentation data were collected and evaluated, along with patients’ reports of airport metal detector triggering and subsequent screening procedures.

Results

Five patients with stainless steel instrumentation (5.6 % of the cohort) triggered an airport walkthrough metal detector, and an additional five patients who did not trigger an airport detector triggered a handheld detector at a different venue. All patients who triggered an airport metal detector had stainless steel instrumentation implanted prior to 2008, and no patient with titanium instrumentation triggered any detector in any venue. All trigger events required subsequent screening procedures, even when an implant card was presented.

Conclusions

In this cohort of children and adolescents with posterior spinal instrumentation, airport walkthrough metal detector triggering was a rare event. Therefore, we advise patients and families with planned posterior scoliosis fusions using titanium instrumentation that airport detection risk is essentially non-existent, and only rare for those with planned stainless steel instrumentation. We no longer issue implant cards postoperatively, as these did not prevent further screening procedures in this cohort.

Level of evidence

Prognostic level 2. Study design: cross-sectional.