Illicit drug use among gay and bisexual men in 44 cities: Findings from the European MSM Internet Survey (EMIS)

BackgroundAnecdotal evidence suggests that men who have sex with men (MSM) are increasingly combining sex and illicit drugs (an activity referred to as ‘chemsex’), in particular GHB/GBL, ketamine, crystal meth, or mephedrone (here called 4-chems). Use of such drugs has been associated with mental health and sexual health harms. We aim to compare patterns of illicit drug use among MSM in 44 European urban centres.MethodsIn 2010, EMIS recruited 174,209 men from 38 countries to an anonymous online questionnaire in 25 languages. As harm reduction services for drugs and sex are organised at a local level, we chose to compare cities rather than countries. We defined 44 cities based on region/postal code and settlement size. For multivariable regression analyses, three comparison groups of MSM not living in these cities were applied: MSM living in Germany, the UK, and elsewhere in Europe.ResultsData from 55,446 MSM living in 44 urban centres were included. Use of 4-chems (past 4 weeks) was highest in Brighton (16.3%), Manchester (15.5%), London (13.2%), Amsterdam (11.2%), Barcelona (7.9%), Zurich (7.0%) and Berlin (5.3%). It was lowest in Sofia (0.4%). The rank order was largely consistent when controlling for age, HIV diagnosis, and number of sexual partners. City of residence was the strongest demographic predictor of chemsex-drug use.ConclusionUse of drugs associated with chemsex among MSM varies substantially across European cities. As city is the strongest predictor of chemsex-drug use, effective harm reduction programmes must include structural as well as individual interventions.     

中小城市男男性接触者艾滋病防治策略探索

目的深入了解中小城市男男性接触者(MSM)的特点,探索有效的艾滋病防治策略。方法用方便抽样法抽取31名MSM进行定性调查。结果访谈对象年龄跨度大,职业分布广,文化程度差别大;交友以朋友引荐和网络联系为主,偏爱年轻的非同性性取向者,与异性结婚比例高;对性病艾滋病预防知识的认识存在明显偏差,感染的风险意识淡漠;心理压力大;多性伴、无保护性肛交是主要的高危行为;希望能得到免费的安全套、HIV检测、热线咨询等服务。结论重视群体内中心人物的作用,提高目标人群的认知水平,重视心理健康及社会生存环境的维护,合理利用网络等,是防治工作取得成效的关键。     

In support of circular economy to evaluate the effects of policies of construction and demolition waste management in three key cities in Yangtze River Delta

As the driving force of social and economic development worldwide, a vibrant and environmentally friendly construction industry in every country is a necessary element for a successful and green global economy. China has a vibrant construction industry but faces environmental challenges posed by rapid urban redevelopment that generates huge quantities of construction and demolition (C&D) waste in most of its key cities. An understanding of C&D waste management in such cities, including the effectiveness of low carbon and waste reduction policies, can provide the basis for the sustainable development and economic growth of China’s construction industry. This study therefore evaluated the effectiveness of the C&D waste management policies of three key cities in China’s Yangtze River Delta region: Nanjing, Shanghai, and Hangzhou. Information was collected and presented based on statistical analysis and qualitative assessment of the total C&D waste and governance policies of each of the three cities between 2007 and 2018. The results show that Shanghai’s C&D waste annual total difference over the 11 year period is the largest at 2.85 million tons, a decrease of 36.8%, while Hangzhou has the largest difference in the total annual amount of C&D waste of 0.82 million tons, a reduction of 11.8%. Findings from the study provide scientific-based decision support for local and central government when strengthening construction waste management policies in China, as the country works towards a circular economy.     

WHO Healthy Cities and the US family support movements: a marriage made in heaven or estranged bed fellows?

The family support movement in the US emerged at about the sametime that the WHO Healthy Cities project was gaining momentumin Europe, and the underlying principles and ecologic frameworksof the two have much in common. However, while many ‘HealthyCities’ in Europe have included activities that benefitfamilies, this has not been made a major focus. There seemsto be little awareness of experience gained in the US in termsof establishing programs with limited or no government funding,using volunteers, and developing social marketing and advocacystrategies to sustain long term viability. Similarly, citiesand states in the US are struggling to develop networks of familysupport programs and they appear to be doing this without thebenefit of experience gained in Healthy Cities projects on howto engage political leadership, develop public policies, establishintersectoral councils, fund a coordinator position, mobilizeneighborhoods, and evaluate community wide health promotionprograms. The purpose of this paper is to examine how thesetwo movements might join forces and learn from each other.     

我国新型城乡关系的演变

从加快城市化步伐到建设新农村，并不表明中国政府放弃城市化发展战略，而是意识到必须寻找一种比偏重强调城市化更有益的发展模式。只有逐步改变传统农村和农村经济所固有的特征，不断调整历史上形成的城乡经济社会分割格局，才有可能从根本上克服作为各自独立的城市系统与农村系统所必然产生的一系列矛盾，并为整个经济社会系统的协调发展开辟广阔的前景。城乡一体化是建设社会主义新农村的必由之路。城市化应当是推动农村发展的城市化，社会主义新农村应当是城市化进程中的新农村。建设社会主义新农村的提出，意味着我国城市化进入新的发展阶段。     

中国部分城市饮用水中氡的含量

作者报道了中国４９个城市饮用水中氡的浓度，其范围值为０．２３～４２．７０ｋＢｑ·ｍ（－３），算术平均值和人口加权平均值分别为９．０４±１１．２１和８．２３±２．４９ｋＢｑ·ｍ（－３）。结果表明，饮用水中氡浓度以西北、华北、东北最高；西南居中；华东、华南最低．亦测定了成都、重庆两市井水中的氡浓度，其算术平均值分别为２４．３０±１２．８３和４９．６４±５４．０５ｋＢｑ·ｍ（－３），最高值为１８１．６０ｋＢｑ·ｍ（－３）。４９个主要城市因水氡所致居民年有效剂量当量人口加权均值为５４．０±１６．７μＳｖ．     

What about healthy networks? An analysis of the national networks of healthy cities in Europe

The World Health Organization (WHO)/Euro Healthy Cities Projecthas received much attention since the first project cities wereselected in 1987 in fact many more cities than can participateshowed (and still show) their interest. Thus initiatives havebeen taken to establish activities similar to the Healthy CitiesProject, not only in Europe but all over the worl4 ‘nationalnetworks of Healthy Cities’ have developed The nationalnetworks in Europe call themselves ‘EURONET’, aEuropean network of national Healthy Cities networks. EURONETis not a formal association; how this initiative will developin the near future is under discussion. A national network is an example of a social network but becauseof its complexity and different leveLs of ‘networking’,is difficult to analyse. However analysis, and evaluation, isneeded to review the functioning and impact of the healthy citiesidea. To study and analyse the networks in Europe, which areas a whole rather large, a selection has been made to reducethe number of participants (n=14), number of resources (n=4)and (categories of) activities (n=9) which were examined Theanalysis provided information about the development of the network;among other things it looked at why they started who took theinitiative, what changes occurred during the period of development,who were the participants at a national level, what activitieswere undertaken, and the relationship between activities andparticipants. As expected the findings did not provide a uniformpicture of ‘what a national Healthy Cities network shouldlook like’ nor did they give the recipe of ‘howto become a Healthy Cities network’. However, the strengthof national networks is that they have the potential to continuethe Healthy Cities project aims and objectives, even if theWHO project ever ceases.     

我国五城市育龄夫妇生育观念及行为的比较分析

目的了解我国城市育龄夫妇的生育观及生育行为的差异及其规律。方法在广州等五城市对育龄夫妇以问卷形式进行现状调查。结果五城市妇女晚育率为95．18％，城市家庭独生子女为98．07％。在生育目的，希望子女数、生育时机、家庭结构以及对独生子女政策的看法等方面，各城市间存在不同。结论我国城市育龄夫妇的生育观及生育行为存在城市差异，可能与经济、文化、习俗有关。     

进城农民工收入的实证分析--基于南京市578名农民工的调查

根据南京市578名农民工的抽样调查,进城农民工收入的基本情况及特征是月均收入为850.88元,收入随职业、文化教育程度、每周劳动天数等因素不同有较大的分化;工作时间普遍较长,相对于农民工的劳动付出,他们的收入较低;由于消费在收入中所占比重较高,部分农民工对收入不太满意,而且,农民工在城市中完全处于一种非福利、低福利状态.     

宫颈癌住院患者10年临床特点变化及筛查作用探讨

目的:探讨10年来宫颈癌住院患者的临床特点变化及"两癌筛查"开展5年以来宫颈癌筛查的作用。方法:回顾性分析2005年1月至2014年12月在北京大学第一医院妇产科确诊为宫颈癌的718例住院患者的临床资料,按户籍所在地分为北京市和外省市两组;按"两癌筛查"前后分为2005~2009年组和2010~2014年组,分别比较基础资料、诊断途径及肿瘤分期等临床特点。结果:110年来我院收治的宫颈癌患者数量呈上升趋势。北京市患者的平均发病年龄、结婚年龄、初产年龄均高于外省市(P0.05),而中位孕次和产次均低于外省市(P0.05)。北京市患者中体检发现比例和ⅠA期患者比例均高于外省市(P0.05)。2"两癌筛查"前后各项指标的比较中,仅筛查后的发病年龄高于筛查前(P0.05),其他项目的比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。3北京市患者中以西城区患者最多。外省市患者前3位是河北省、内蒙古自治区和山西省。结论:北京市宫颈癌患者在早婚、早育、多产等高危因素方面优于外省市患者,外省市宫颈癌筛查宣教和实施筛查的力度需进一步加大,扩大体检发现率和ⅠA期发现率。"两癌筛查"的作用尚未体现,还需要长期坚持、广泛开展。