Cell volume regulation: a review of cerebral adaptive mechanisms and implications for clinical treatment of osmolal disturbances: II

Cerebral cell volume regulatory mechanisms are activated by sustained disturbances in plasma osmolality. Acute hypernatremia causes a predictable shrinkage of brain cells due to the sudden imposition of a plasma-to-cell osmolal gradient. However, during chronic hypernatremia cerebral cell volume is maintained close to the normal range as a result of the accumulation of electrolytes and organic osmolytes including myo-inositol, taurine, glutamine, glycerophosphorylcholine, and betaine. The increased cytosolic level of these molecules is generally accomplished via increased activity of sodium (Na⁺)-dependent cotransport systems. The slow dissipation of these additional osmotically active solutes from the cell during treatment of hypernatremia necessitates gradual correction of this electrolyte abnormality. Acute hyponatremia leads to cerebral cell swelling and severe neurological dysfunction. However, prolonged hyponatremia is associated with significant reductions in brain cell electrolyte and organic osmolyte content so that cerebral cell volume is restored to normal. While acute hyponatremia can be treated with the administration of moderate doses of hypertonic saline in order to control seizure activity, chronic hyponatremia should be corrected slowly in order to prevent subsequent neurological deterioration. If the rate of correction exceeds 0.5 mmol/l per hour, or if the total increment in serum [Na⁺] exceeds 25 mmol/l in the first 48 h of therapy, then there is an increased risk of the development of cerebral demyelinating lesions. Chronic hyperglycemia activates the brain cell volume regulatory adaptations in the same manner as hypernatremia. Therefore, during the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, it is imperative to restore normoglycemia gradually in order to prevent the occurrence of cerebral edema. It is possible that excessive administration of electrolyte-free solutions and high doses of insulin may increase the risk of this complication. While there are some data to suggest that brain cell size is disturbed during acute uremia, additional work is necessary to clarify the role of cerebral cell volume regulation during acute and chronic uremia.     

POTASSIUM ACCELERATES URINARY SODIUM EXCRETION DURING SALT LOADING WITHOUT STIMULATING ATRIAL NATRIURETIC POLYPEPTIDE SECRETION

1. Effects of potassium (K) supplementation (100 mEq/day) on urinary sodium (Na) excretion and on the secretion of atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) during salt loading (350 mEq/day) were studied in 12 healthy salt-resistant normotensives under strictly controlled metabolic ward conditions. 2. Urinary volume and Na excretion on the first day of the high salt period (HSP) were significantly greater in the K-supplemented group (KG) than in the control group (CG). 3. There was a significant gain in bodyweight after salt loading in both groups, with a significantly greater gain in CG on the second day of HSP. Haematocrit decreased significantly during salt loading in both groups, the degree of which was significantly greater in CG. 4. Plasma norepinephrine decreased significantly during salt loading in both groups, the degree of which was significantly less in KG than in CG. A significant increase in plasma ANP was observed in CG on and after the second day of HSP, while a significant increase in plasma ANP was observed on the fifth day of HSP in KG. 5. These findings indicate that K supplementation accelerates diuresis and natriuresis, resulting in moderate suppression of volume expansion induced by salt loading and that this accelerated diuresis and natriuresis is not a result of the action of ANP.     

Evaluation of vertebral volumetric vs. areal bone mineral density during growth

Bone mineral “density” (BMD) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) does not represent the volumetric density (grams per cubic centimeter), but rather the areal density (grams per square centimeter). This distinction is important during growth. The purpose of this study was to measure vertebral dimensions in cadavers of young pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina), and to derive equations to predict the volumetric bone density from noninvasive measurements. We measured the areal bone density by DEXA, vertebral volume by underwater weighing, mineral content by ashing, dimensions of lumbar vertebrae by calipers, and dimensions of vertebrae by radiography. Somatometric measurements of the female lumbar vertebral bodies showed that the shape changed during growth. The bone mineral content from the densitometer correlated significantly with the ash weight (r = 0.99, error 8.7%). The correlation coefficient between the volumetric bone mineral density and areal BMD measurement was significant (r = 0.68, p < 0.0001) with a 9.5% error; this improved significantly to 0.82 (7.2% error) when the BMD was divided by the vertebral depth from the radiograph. Areal BMD showed a strong correlation with age (r = 0.82, p < 0.0001), with an average increase of 7.4%/year. In contrast, volumetric mineral density showed a weak relationship with age (r = 0.43, p < 0.01), for an average increase of 1.5%/year. When studying bone mineral density during growth, the differences between volumetric and areal bone mineral density should be taken into consideration. (     

中老年人24小时动态血压变化的研究

目的探讨血压正常老年患者和老年高血压患者24h动态血压波动规律及与靶器官损害的关系.方法采用无创伤袖带式动态血压监测仪检测36例中年人(对照组),50例血压正常老年患者,60例老年高血压患者的动态血压.结果血压正常老年患者较中年血压正常者24h动态血压呈杓型曲线的比例明显下降.血压正常老年患者,血压昼夜波动曲线与心、脑、肾损害无相关性.老年高血压患者,血压曲线呈非杓型者比例增高,血压昼夜节律消失较节律正常的高血压患者有更显著的靶器官损害.结论对于非高血压患者,随年龄的增加,血压昼夜节律消失者增多,血压曲线变化与心、脑、肾损害无关,可能与原发病有关.对于高血压患者,血压昼夜节律紊乱可作为靶器官损害的预测因子.     

Computation of Time-Constant Histograms from the Forced Expired Volume-Time Curves

An efficient BASIC program was established on Apple-Ⅱmicrocomputer with the CHESTAC-35F pulmonary function testing system tocalculate the time-constant histogram from the spirogram.By a set of analogousstudies,we confirmed that the recovered time-constant histogram was within onecompartment of the assumed one and that the root of mean square values of theresiduals between the experimental and model volume-time curves was 0.02.Infour healthy adult subjects,the mean value of time-constant histograms(TCx)hadthe variation coefficient 6.6％.The results show that our method is reliable andreproducible,and it can be used for clinical investigation.     

SP-C对重组肺表面活性物质活性的影响

目的 探讨不同浓度的肺表面活性物质(PS)相关蛋白C(SP-C)与合成脂质构成的重组PS活性的变化。方法 从新鲜猪肺的灌洗液中提取PS,从PS中分离出SP-C。将二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱、二油酰磷脂酰胆碱和棕榈酰油酰磷脂酰甘油按60:20:20的重量比混合,即为合成脂质(SL),将SP-C按1％、2％、3％(与脂质的重量比)加入SL中,制成三种重组PS:RS-1、RS-2和RS-3。将上述物质溶于生理盐水中即为实验液体。用气泡型表面张力计测定各实验液体的表面张力。将PS缺如的未成熟胎兔随机分为4组:PS、SL、RS-3和对照组。分别向PS、SL和RS-3组气道内注入PS、SL、RS-3液;对照组未注入任何物质。然后进行人工通气,通气后5、10、15、20min测定各组潮气量。结果 PS的最小表面张力(γmin)为(0.9±0.3)mN/m,SL的γmin为(22.6±1.3)mN/m,明显高于PS(P<0.01);随SP-C浓度的增加γmin逐渐降低,RS-3的γmin降至(0.7±0.1)mN/m(与PS相比,P>0.05)。通气20min时,PS组、RS-3动物的潮气量分别达到(25±7)ml/kg、(25±4)ml/kg,明显高于对照组和SL组(P<0.01)。结论 不含SP-C的合成脂质表面活性低,加入SP-C后构成的重组PS表面活性明显增强。     

磁共振灌注成像在脑胶质瘤中的应用与评价

目的 :评价磁共振 (MR)灌注成像在脑胶质瘤病理分级诊断中的价值。　方法 :对 2 8例脑胶质瘤患者术前行MR灌注成像 ,采用GRE EPI序列 ,重建相对脑血容量 (rCBV)彩图后 ,以肿瘤对侧对应部位和对侧正常脑白质为参照 ,分别计算出肿瘤最大rCBV1及rCBV2 ,并与病理学分级进行对照分析。　结果 :低、高度恶性胶质瘤的最大rCBV1值分别为 1.38± 0 .36和 4 .32± 3.4 1,最大rCBV2值分别为 2 .83± 0 .76和 9.71± 6 .2 3;低、高度恶性胶质瘤的rCBV1或rCBV2值与病理分级之间差异均有显著性意义。另外 ,rCBV1、rCBV2间有高度相关性 (r =0 .736 ,P <0 .0 0 1)。　结论 :MR灌注成像对脑胶质瘤的术前分级诊断有重要价值。     

Restricted field of view magnetic resonance imaging of a dynamic time series.

A restricted field of view (rFOV) approach for imaging a dynamic time series of volumes of limited spatial extent within a larger subject is described. The shorter readout with rFOV-MRI can be exploited to either limit image artifacts or increase spatial resolution. To accomplish rFOV imaging of a multislice volume for a dynamic series, an outer volume suppression (OVS) preparation that saturates signal external to a cylinder through the subject is followed by slice-selective excitation and a spiral readout. The pass- and stopband efficiencies of the OVS in an agar gel phantom were 97% (+/-1.5%) and 3% (+/-1%), respectively. Profiles of the temporal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were measured in a phantom and an adult brain. The rFOV sequence reduced distortions from off-resonance signal and T2*-induced blurring compared to a conventional sequence. Sequence utility is demonstrated for high-resolution rFOV functional MRI (fMRI) in the visual cortex. The rFOV sequence may prove to be useful for other multislice dynamic and high-resolution imaging applications.     

血细胞体积分布直方图的临床应用

在临床血常规的检测中,血细胞体积直方图往往含有丰富的图像信息。本文全面地分析了白细胞体积分布直方图、红细胞体积分布直方图、血小板体积分布直方图的正常形态及异常形态的图谱特征,详尽地探讨了血细胞体积分布直方图在临床诊断、治疗、预后等方面的重要意义。     

Fiber Matrix Descriptors from Permeability Data Without Requiring Membrane Thickness: Theory,Results, and Optimization

Objective: Permeability of basement membrane and all other barriers contains a term for membrane thickness (Δx). This naturally leads to development of methods for measuring Δx that are imprecise, inaccurate, expensive, subject to preparation artifact, and inattentive to variability. Although height and shape of permeability (P) vs. probe radius (α) curves are sensitive to Δx, ln(P) or ln(P/free diffusivity or D_o) curves have shapes independent of Δx. It should, thus, be possible using such characteristics to determine fiber radius (r_f) and void volume ratio (ε) without Δx. We developed such a method to derive membrane structure by the standard model of Ogston and present its experimental evaluation. Methods: Basement membranes were self-assembled using 1: 1 Matrigel: 0.01 M Tris/150 mM NaCl/1.0 mM CaCl₂ buffer on 0.4-μ polycarbonate supports with transport measured in diffusion chambers using FITC-labeled hydroxyethyl starch probes from 25 to 102 Å in radius. Sampling was at 0.5 hr and then for each hour up to 5. Other membranes were measured 7 days after formation. Results: The best fit of the new technique occurred at 3 hr with R² = 0.949 ± 0.003 SEM, r_f = 36.8 ± 2.4 Å, and ε = 0.87 ± 0.02. Membranes studied for 7 days showed more variability but essentially the same characteristics. Conclusions: Membrane thickness is not necessary to reduce permeability of basement membrane to structure, and optimum sampling time is 3 hr.