多系统萎缩患者轻度认知功能障碍的静息态低频振幅研究

目的采用静息态功能磁共振成像(resting state functional MRI,rs-fMRI)低频振幅(amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation,ALFF)方法探究多系统萎缩(multiple system atrophy,MSA)患者认知相关的自发脑活动改变。材料与方法对29例认知功能正常的MSA患者(MSA-normal cognition,MSA-NC)、33例伴轻度认知功能障碍的MSA患者(MSA-mild cognitive impairment,MSA-MCI)与33名健康对照者(healthy control,HC)进行rs-fMRI扫描。应用ALFF方法比较各组间自发脑活动改变,并对患者组间存在差异脑区的ALFF值与认知评分进行相关性分析。结果与HC相比,MSA-NC在左侧角回及右侧颞中回出现ALFF增强;与HC相比,MSA-MCI在双侧背外侧前额叶、内侧前额叶、前扣带回、中扣带回出现ALFF减低,而在双侧颞下回、角回、左侧枕中回、右侧颞中回、楔前叶及右侧小脑、小脑蚓出现ALFF增强。与MSA-NC相比,MSA-MCI在右侧额叶皮层出现ALFF减低,并与蒙特利尔认知评估量表(montreal cognitive assessment scale,MoCA)评分呈正相关(r=0.531,P<0.05);在右侧小脑出现ALFF增强,并与MoCA评分呈负相关(r=-0.499,P<0.05)。结论MSA特异的轻度认知功能障碍是由小脑与额叶皮层损伤共同介导,其中小脑起到代偿作用。     

采血固定器在呼吸科重症监护病房动脉采血中的应用效果

目的分析采血固定器在呼吸科重症监护病房(RICU)动脉采血中的应用效果,为优化临床护理工作提供研究依据。方法采用便利抽样法,选取2018年1—12月在RICU住院治疗的496例患者作为研究对象,根据入院登记号的单双号将其分为研究组和对照组,每组各248例。对照组患者采用传统的垫腕枕定位、棉签按压止血方式进行桡动脉穿刺采血,研究组患者采用自制采血固定器进行采血。观察和比较两组患者的穿刺用时、采血操作用时、一针穿刺成功率;对两组患者住RICU期间动脉采血部位的血液外渗、穿刺局部瘀斑、皮肤牵拉疼痛等穿刺不良事件的发生率进行观察和对比。结果两组患者共采血2110次,研究组患者和对照组患者分别采血1079次和1031次;研究组患者的穿刺用时、采血操作用时分别为(2.46±0.38)min和(5.53±0.98)min,均短于对照组的(4.02±0.43)、(6.06±1.35)min,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。研究组患者的一次穿刺成功率为95.74%(1033/1079),高于对照组的82.93%(855/1031),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。研究组患者的血液外渗、穿刺局部瘀斑、皮肤牵拉疼痛发生率分别为2.50%(27/1079)、4.45%(48/1079)、7.32%(79/1079),均低于对照组的17.26%(178/1031)、16.10%(166/1031)、28.81%(297/1031),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论在RICU桡动脉采血操作中应用采血固定器能够提高穿刺成功率,缩短穿刺时间,节约采血操作时间,并可减少穿刺不良事件的发生。     

家庭赋权方案在肺癌患者呼吸功能锻炼中的应用

目的探讨家庭赋权方案在肺癌患者呼吸功能锻炼中的应用效果。方法采用便利抽样法,选择2018年7月-2019年6月在商丘市第一人民医院接受肺癌手术治疗的患者90例为研究对象。将2018年7-12月住院的45例患者分配至对照组,2019年1-6月的患者45例分配至试验组。对照组给予常规护理,试验组采用家庭赋权方案进行干预。采用呼吸功能锻炼依从性调查表、照顾者积极感受量表、照顾者准备度量表比较干预的效果。结果干预过程中,试验组获得44份有效问卷,对照组获得42份有效问卷;干预后试验组患者呼吸功能锻炼依从性优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预后试验组患者的照顾者积极感受、准备度得分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用家庭赋权方案可以提高肺癌患者呼吸功能锻炼的依从性,还可以提高照顾者的积极感受和照顾准备度,建议推广应用。     

Reducing acute stress in a 16-year old using trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

Objective: To assess the effects of trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy (TF-CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for the treatment of acute stress in an adolescent.

Methods: A combination of TF-CBT and EMDR was provided to a 16-year-old girl with distressing memories, anxiety and flashbacks. For measurement of the efficacy of the treatment package, the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13) was used.

Results: Acute stress reactions decreased considerably after treatment and remained stable. CRIES-13 scores showed substantial reduction in stress scores. The girl reported no more flashbacks of the injury, sleeping difficulties or recurrent and distressing memories.

Conclusion: This case study illustrates the potential efficacy of a combination of TF-CBT and EMDR for patients with acute stress reactions. Future studies should examine the efficacy of this treatment package in a large sample of children.     

Effect of sedative-hypnotics,anesthetics and analgesics on sleep architecture in obstructive sleep apnea

The perioperative care of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients is currently receiving much attention due to an increased risk for complications. It is established that postoperative changes in sleep architecture occur and this may have pathophysiological implications for OSA patients. Upper airway muscle activity decreases during rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). Severe OSA patients exhibit exaggerated chemoreceptor-driven ventilation during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), which leads to central and obstructive apnea. This article critically reviewed the literature relevant to preoperative screening for OSA, prevalence of OSA in surgical populations and changes in postoperative sleep architecture relevant to OSA patients. In particular, we addressed three questions in regard to the effects of sedative-hypnotics, anesthetics and analgesics on sleep architecture, the underlying mechanisms and the relevance to OSA. Indeed, these classes of drugs alter sleep architecture, which likely significantly contributes to abnormal postoperative sleep architecture, exacerbation of OSA and postoperative complications.