Secular Changes in the Morphology of the Skull in Swedish Men

Three hundred and twelve Swedish inductees (average age 18.7 years) were compared with skulls from men aged 18–25 who had died in 1810 regarding skull morphology and the dimensions of the dental arches.

The skull morphology was analysed roentgen-cephalornetrically with profile and postero-anterior roentgenograms. the sizes of the dental arches were measured on casts and directly on the skulls.

The cranium was found to be larger in the inductees than in the skull material. the cranial base was more cnrved in the inductees, which also showed more maxillary alveolar prognathism, proclination of the upper incisors and larger gonion angle. the width of the dental arches between the first molars was smaller in the present day material, while the length of the dental arches was longer.

The results show that parallel to the secular increase in body height there is also secularisation of the morphology of the cranium, including changes also in the cranial base, which suggests a change in the genetic constitution of the population in western Sweden during the last 160 years.     

正常脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数的影像学研究

目的 描述正常成人的骨盆矢状位形态,分析正常成人脊柱-骨盆矢状位序列类型.方法 采用前瞻性影像学分析对139名志愿者进行研究,男94名,女45名;年龄21～28岁,平均(23.5±1.5)岁.所有志愿者行全脊柱正、侧位X线检查,利用院内影像归档与通信系统(picture archiving and communication systems,PACS)测量骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS).按照脊柱矢状面解剖定义和形态特点描述脊柱各矢状面形态参数,分析各参数间相关性,并根据腰椎前凸顶点位置不同分析国人腰椎-骨盆矢状位序列类型.结果 PI平均值为45.1°±9.6°,明显小于西方成人,并明显小于韩国成人;女性PI值明显高于男性.骨盆各参数间密切相关,脊柱相邻前凸节段、后凸节段间密切相关,腰弯前凸还与颈弯前凸、矢状位平衡(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)密切相关;依据腰弯前凸顶点位置,将腰椎-骨盆矢状位序列分为四型:Ⅰ型,顶点位于L5椎体或L4,5椎间隙,共11名(占7.8％);Ⅱ型,顶点位于L4底部或中部,共61名(占43.3％);Ⅲ型,顶点位于L4上部或L34椎间隙,共33名(占23.4％);Ⅳ型,顶点位于L3椎体及其以上,共34名(占24.5％).所有志愿者的胸弯后凸顶点为T6.7,颈弯胸弯拐点为C7.各类型间骨盆矢状位形态、腰弯倾斜程度存在明显差异.结论 中国正常成人骨盆矢状位形态与西方和韩国人群存在明显差异.腰椎通过骨盆的调节后,在维持脊柱整体矢状位平衡方面起到核心作用;随着腰弯前凸顶点提高,脊柱-骨盆序列将出现骶骨增加倾斜、下腰弯前凸角度增加、下腰弯组成椎体数量增加、腰弯倾斜减小等变化.     

腰椎退行性侧凸患者脊柱矢状位参数与骨盆参数的相关性

目的 探讨不同类型腰椎退行性侧凸患者脊柱矢状位参数与骨盆参数的相关性.方法 70名脊柱形态正常的志愿者与110例腰椎退行性侧凸患者,摄站立位脊柱全长正侧位X线片,测量胸椎后凸角、胸腰段后凸角、腰椎前凸角、矢状位垂直轴、骨盆投射角、骶骨倾斜角和骨盆倾斜角.根据SRS测量标准,将腰椎退行性侧凸患者按脊柱矢状位形态分为三型:Ⅰ型45例、Ⅱ型48例、Ⅲ型17例.比较志愿者与各型退变侧凸组间的脊柱矢状位参数及骨盆参数,分析脊柱矢状位参数与骨盆参数的相关性.结果 骨盆投射角,Ⅲ型退行性侧凸组低于其他三组,差异有统计学意义;骨盆倾斜角,Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型退行性侧凸组高于志愿者组及Ⅰ型退行性侧凸组,差异有统计学意义,其中Ⅱ型与Ⅲ型的差异也有统计学意义;骶骨倾斜角,Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型退行性侧凸组小于志愿者组及Ⅰ型退行性侧凸组,差异有统计学意义.在志愿者组、Ⅰ型退行性侧凸组中未发现脊柱矢状位失平衡;Ⅱ型与Ⅲ型退行性侧凸组脊柱矢状位失平衡的发生率分别为17.8％、29.4％.志愿者组与Ⅰ型退行性侧凸组的脊柱矢状位参数间、骨盆参数间及矢状位脊柱-骨盆参数间存在相关性;Ⅱ、Ⅲ型退行性侧凸组的脊柱矢状位参数间的相关性逐渐减小,矢状位脊柱-骨盆参数间的相关性也减小甚至消失,而骨盆参数间的相关性存在;各型退行性侧凸组的腰椎前凸角、骨盆倾斜角均与矢状位垂直轴相关,其中后两者的相关性更大.结论 脊柱矢状位形态呈阶梯样改变,Ⅱ、Ⅲ型退行性侧凸患者的骨盆参数、脊柱矢状位参数与骨盆参数的相关性发生变化,更容易出现脊柱矢状位失平衡.     

腹腔动脉重度狭窄的影像学表现及经肝动脉介入治疗中的应对策略

目的 分析腹腔动脉重度狭窄的CTA及DSA表现,探讨对该类患者行经肝动脉介入治疗的应对策略。方法 回顾分析11例经腹部CTA和腹腔动脉-肠系膜上动脉DSA确诊的腹腔动脉重度狭窄患者,评估其腹腔动脉狭窄的原因、程度,侧支循环和介入手术的处理。结果 11例患者腹腔动脉狭窄均为中弓韧带压迫所致,均有明显的侧支循环形成;对其中10例采用不同方法成功进行了经肝动脉介入治疗。结论 行经肝动脉介入治疗腹腔动脉狭窄时,适宜的应对策略具有重要临床意义。术前腹部CTA对于该类患者的后续治疗有重要指导价值。     

The Prevalence of Os Acromiale in Korean Patients Visiting Shoulder Clinic

Background

The prevalence of os acromiale has been documented to be between 1% and 15% and is known to be clinically associated with subacromial impingement or rotator cuff tear. However, the prevalence of os acromiale in Korea has not yet been determined. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of os acromiale in Korean patients who visited shoulder clinics and to investigate the correlations with rotator cuff tear.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the X-rays of patients visiting a shoulder clinic at a tertiary hospital in Korea from January 2011 to January 2012 to determine the frequency of os acromiale. X-ray findings were confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for patients who had these images available. MRI was also used to assess the status of the rotator cuff. The correlation between the presence of os acromiale either with gender, hand dominance or rotator cuff tear was analyzed statistically.

Results

A total of 2,946 shoulders from 1,568 patients were analyzed with X-rays. Thirteen cases out of 1,568 patients had an os acromiale; and there were five and eight cases of pre-acromiale and meso-acromiale, respectively. Thus, the prevalence of os acromiale in this study population was found to be 0.7 (7 cases per 1,000 patients). Bilaterality was found in two cases. Os acromiale was not more frequent according to gender (five males versus eight females, p = 0.525) and hand dominance was not associated with frequency of os acromiale (seven dominant arms versus six non-dominant arms, p = 0.631). A sub-analysis of shoulders with available MRIs (1,074 shoulders) revealed that there were two rotator cuff tears (40%) out of five cases of os acromiale, whereas 607 rotator cuff tears were observed (57%) among 1069 cases without os acromiale. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.656).

Conclusions

The identified prevalence of os acromiale in Korean patients who visited shoulder clinics is 0.7%, which is much lower as compared with the prevalence of general population from other ethnic groups. No correlation was observed between rotator cuff tears and os acromiale in this study population.     

The use of simulation and moulage in undergraduate diagnostic radiography education: A burns scenario

IntroductionThere is a national drive to increase allied health professions simulation training. However, there is a paucity of literature within diagnostic radiography in relation to clinical simulation. No research could be found regarding the impact of simulation in radiography with complex clinical burns scenarios.This research aims to explore the perceptions of radiography undergraduate students regarding their preparedness for the complex care requirements in imaging examinations of clinical burns cases using a mixed methods approach.MethodA small-scale simulation-based teaching session was developed in a Scottish HEI, using role play and moulage to create realism. Twenty-eight undergraduate student radiographers participated in the scenario. Students completed pre and post-scenario questionnaires using Likert scale and free response data. Focus groups were undertaken three months after the simulation to obtain rich qualitative data. Common themes were identified via a process of initial coding and a 6-phase thematic analysis.ResultsThematic analysis demonstrated a marked increased perception of preparedness post-scenario; students felt more prepared to undertake their role in the imaging of complex care patients (Likert scoring increased with both mode and median post-scenario). Common themes that were identified were patient centeredness, realism and learning.ConclusionWithin this limited pilot project, the use of simulation was an effective means of preparing students to understand their role within the complex care setting (with respect to the traumatic realism of burns) in preparedness for professional practice. Additionally, students related to the practical understanding of the complexity of human factors that exist within clinical practice.     

骨斑点症1例

患者男,23岁,5年前因右侧大腿下段皮肤结节状纤维组织增生(犹如瘢痕疙瘩)行手术治疗,现感其局部不适而来院检查.X线检查:右股骨远段干骺端松质骨小梁清晰粗大,骨皮质下可见散在的多个0.2～1.2 cm大小不等,呈圆形、卵圆形、索条形或不规则的斑点状致密阴影,其中少数斑点状病灶与骨皮质相连,少数零星斑点于松质骨内,长轴与骨小梁平行,未见骨质破坏(见图).     

神经根型颈椎病患者术前颈椎矢状面参数对术后神经功能改善的影响

目的探讨神经根型颈椎病(CSR)患者术前颈椎矢状面参数对颈椎前路椎间盘切除融合术(ACDF)术后神经功能改善的影响。方法回顾性分析2016年1月-2020年1月接受ACDF治疗且随访时间 ≥ 6个月的171例单节段CSR患者资料。测量患者术前矢状面参数及责任节段椎间孔宽度,其中矢状面参数包括C_2~7 Cobb角、C_1~7矢状面轴向距离(SVA)、C_2~7 SVA、T₁倾斜角(T₁S)。采用颈椎功能障碍指数(NDI)评估患者术前及术后6个月的神经功能。根据患者术后6个月NDI将其分为症状缓解组(NDI < 15分,n=138)和症状缓解不良组(NDI ≥ 15分,n=33),比较2组术前颈椎矢状面参数、术前症状持续时间及椎间孔宽度的差异,利用多因素logistic回归模型分析术后神经症状缓解不良的危险因素。结果 2组术前C_2~7 Cobb角、C_1~7 SVA、C_2~7 SVA差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);症状缓解不良组术前T₁S高于症状缓解组,椎间孔宽度低于症状缓解组,症状持续时间长于症状缓解组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,术前T₁S较高、椎间孔宽度过小及症状持续时间较长是术后6个月神经症状缓解不良的危险因素。结论对于单节段CSR患者,术后神经功能改善不良与术前T₁S较高、椎间孔宽度较小及症状持续时间较长有关。     

先天性早发型骨梅毒跟骨受累1例

患儿男,3个月,手脚肿胀1个月.化验检查:血常规见单核细胞、淋巴细胞升高,血沉130 mm/h,C反应蛋白14 847 μg/ L.快速血浆反应素环状卡片实验(RPR)阳性,滴度为1∶32,梅毒螺旋体被动颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)阳性.其父母:快速血浆反应素环状卡片实验(RPR)阳性,滴度为1∶4,TPPA阳性.患儿X线检查:双侧股骨、胫骨干骺端浸润性骨质破坏和平行状骨膜增生(图1),1～5掌骨、1～5指的1、2节指骨、1～5蹠骨和近节趾骨、跟骨双侧对称性的浸润性骨质破坏,伴软组织肿胀,但第3蹠骨干骺端破坏两侧不对称(图2).周围无骨质增生硬化.     

Substantial CT radiation dose reduction does not affect the preference for CT over direct digital radiography to diagnose isolated zygomatic fractures – A study in human cadavers

IntroductionZygomatic fractures can be diagnosed with either computed tomography (CT) or direct digital radiography (DR). The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of CT dose reduction on the preference for facial CT versus DR for accurate diagnosis of isolated zygomatic fractures.Materials and methodsEight zygomatic fractures were inflicted on four human cadavers with a free fall impactor technique. The cadavers were scanned using eight CT protocols, which were identical except for a systematic decrease in radiation dose per protocol, and one DR protocol. Single axial CT images were displayed alongside a DR image of the same fracture creating a total of 64 dual images for comparison. A total of 54 observers, including radiologists, radiographers and oral and maxillofacial surgeons, made a forced choice for either CT or DR.ResultsForty out of 54 observers (74%) preferred CT over DR (all with P < 0.05). Preference for CT was maintained even when radiation dose reduced from 147.4 μSv to 46.4 μSv (DR dose was 6.9 μSv). Only a single out of all raters preferred DR (P = 0.0003). The remaining 13 observers had no significant preference.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that preference for axial CT over DR is not affected by substantial (∼70%) CT dose reduction for the assessment of zygomatico-orbital fractures.