A 500‐ml plastic bottle: An effective spacer for children with asthma

Inhaled therapy using a metered‐dose inhaler (MDI) with attached spacer has been increasingly recognized as the optimal method for delivering asthma medication for acute attacks and chronic prophylaxis. However, in developing countries the cost and availability of commercially produced spacers limit the use of MDI‐spacer delivery systems. A 500‐ml plastic bottle has been recently adapted to function as a spacer. This article reviews the current data on the efficacy of this bottle‐spacer and discusses its advantages and limitations. It is concluded that a modified 500‐ml plastic bottle is an effective spacer; modification and use of this device should be incorporated into international guidelines for the management of children with asthma.     

F344／N－Smu－D大鼠生长发育若干生物学特性的检测

Ｆｉｓｃｈｅｒ３４４大鼠在国外广泛应用于肿瘤研究与慢性毒性试验，八十年代中期引入我国。我们对Ｆ３４４／Ｎ－Ｓｍｕ－Ｄ大鼠的生长发育的若干生物学特性进行了检测。结果表明，该品系大鼠体型较ＳＤ大鼠与Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠小，除睾丸、垂体、肾上腺、乳腺外的大部分器官与组织的自发性肿瘤的发生率相对较低，将Ｆ３４４／Ｎ－Ｓｍｕ－Ｄ大鼠种群与Ｆ３４４／ＤｕＣｒｊ种群比较，在体重、耗食量，血液学与生化学等方面的若干特性差异较大，肿瘤发生率与死亡差别不大。     

Infection dynamics and virus-induced apoptosis in cell culture-based influenza vaccine production—Flow cytometry and mathematical modeling

Cell culture-based influenza vaccine manufacturing is of growing importance. Depending on virus strains, differences in infection dynamics, virus-induced apoptosis, cell lysis and virus yields are observed. Comparatively little is known concerning details of virus–host cell interaction on a cellular level and virus spreading in a population of cells in bioreactors. In this study, the infection of MDCK cells with different influenza A virus strains in lab-scale microcarrier culture was investigated by flow cytometry. Together with the infection status of cells, virus-induced apoptosis was monitored. A mathematical model has been formulated to describe changes in the concentration of uninfected and infected adherent cells, dynamics of virus particle release (infectious virions, hemagglutinin content), and the time course of the percentage composition of the cell population.     

单宁酸处理带瓣牛颈静脉的生物学评价

目的从生物学角度评价单宁酸处理的带瓣牛颈静脉是否符合国家医用材料的要求。方法带瓣牛颈静脉经单宁酸处理后按国家医用材料的要求进行浸提液的制备、细胞毒性试验、过敏试验、皮内刺激试验、原发性皮肤刺激试验、溶血试验、急性全身毒性试验及热原试验等生物学评价试验。试验方法均参照《医用有机硅材料生物学评价试验方法》GB／T16175-1996。结果培养的L-929小鼠成纤维细胞经含浸提液的培养基培养后形态良好，增值旺盛，材料细胞毒性评级为0～1。无皮肤刺激反应和过敏反应，皮内刺激试验PⅡ（原发性刺激指数）为0．4，和阴性对照组差异无统计学意义。全身毒性实验受试动物未出现毒性症状。溶血试验溶血率0．7％，符合国家标准（〈5％）。热原试验经中国药品生物制品检定所检定，单宁酸处理后带瓣牛颈静脉无热原（样品批号：060802017）。结论单宁酸处理的带瓣牛颈静脉符合国家医用材料的要求，可以植入人体。     

卵巢低反应患者大剂量超排卵的助孕结局

在辅助生殖助孕中通常采用控制性卵巢刺激(controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, COS),以获得适当数量的卵子用于体外受精,既希望获得理想的辅助生殖助孕成功率,又能降低卵巢过度刺激并发症.COS中约有9%~24%[1,2]的卵巢低反应发生率.卵巢低反应者获得有效卵子数少、可移植胚胎数少或无胚胎移植、取消治疗周期率高,累计成功率更低等,导致较差的治疗结局,是辅助生殖助孕中面临的棘手问题.针对卵巢低反应者,大多数辅助生殖中心仍会采用增加促性腺激素(Gn)的起始和(或)总用量以期获得提高助孕结局的目的.而大剂量Gn是否为改善低反应患者助孕结局的有效策略却仍存在争议.     

Anti-inflammatory effects of hydroalcoholic extract and two biflavonoids from Garcinia gardneriana leaves in mouse paw oedema

Garcinia gardneriana (Planch. & Triana) Zappi (Clusiaceae) is widely distributed in Brazil and used in folk medicine to treat inflammation, pain, and urinary tract and other infections. However, very few studies have analyzed these therapeutic effects. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroalcoholic extracts from Garcinia gardneriana (HEGG) and some of its isolated biflavonoids were evaluated. The results showed that HEGG from the leaves, bark and seeds reduced carrageenan-induced mouse paw inflammation, in addition to diminishing the myeloperoxidase activity in the stimulated tissues. The reduction of neutrophil infiltration by treatment with the HEGG from leaves was confirmed by histology. The leaf extract also reduced the paw oedema evoked by bradykinin, histamine, prostaglandin E2 and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate. However, it partially decreased substance P and compound 48/80-caused paw oedema, without any influence on the arachidonic acid-induced oedema. Both of the isolated compounds, fukugetin and GB-2a, prevented the carrageenan-induced paw oedema. In conclusion, this study showed important anti-inflammatory effects of HEGG through its interaction with different intracellular signaling pathways, without interfering with the formation of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites. These characteristics, in addition to the wide distribution and culturing ease of the plant, confirm its popular use and highlight its promise in the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.     

个体患者适形调强放疗计划模体内剂量实测验证技术的建立

目的建立个体患者适形调强放疗（IMRT）计划的模体内剂量实测验证技术。方法选择1例鼻咽癌患者，设计IMRT计划。将患者计划转移到模体上设计杂交计划。执行杂交计划时，用针点电离室测量感兴趣点的剂量，并与该点的计算剂量比较。用胶片剂量测量系统测量杂交计划中感兴趣平面的剂量，胶片与计划剂量矩阵登记后，依次进行计划，胶片分析、计划，胶片剖面分析和计划／胶片等剂量线分析。采用复合判断标准评价验证结果。结果针点电离室测量得到杂交计划单次照射的总剂量为121．5cGy，比计算值低约4％。计划，胶片分析得到高剂量、高梯度区域的距离差别均在4mm以内；计划／胶片剖面分析显示，计划与胶片在通过靶区的剖面具有较好的一致性；计划，胶片等剂量线分析显示，计划与胶片对应值的等剂量线重合良好。按照复合判断标准，该计划验证通过。结论初步建立了个体患者IMRT计划的模体内剂量实测验证技术，建立并优化了剂量登记技术、剂量归一方法和评价方法。     

浙江医科大学附二院门诊处方中精神药物使用调查

本文对浙江医科大学附属二院１９９３年７月间３１３７８张合格处方进行统计分析，并用限定日剂量（ＤＤＤ）和药物使用指数（ＤＵＩ）为指标，分析镇静催眠药物使用情况。结果表明苯二氮　类药方２０６７张，占总处方量的６．５９％，巴比妥类药方４９张，占０．１６％，麻醉药方１１１张；占０．３５％。苯二氮　类药方中．女性处方量１２０２张，男性处方量８６５张，男、女组间比较有显著性差异。苯二氮　类药方多分布在神经内科，常用的药有舒乐安定和阿普唑仑。九种常用的苯二氮　类药和麻醉性镇痛药的ＤＵＩ均小于１。提示药物滥用现象少见，该院对这类药物的管理比较严格。麻醉性镇痛药中二氢埃托啡处方占６７．５７％。     

Occupational chronic exposure to metals

Summary Stainless steel welders (n = 103) were examined. To estimate external exposure, personal air sampling was used. Internal exposure was quantified by the determination of nickel levels in erythrocytes, plasma and urine. Men and women (n = 123) were examined for control purposes. In the plasma and erythrocytes of the controls the nickel concentration was below the level of detection (< 1.81 μg/l). The element concentrations in urine were between < 0.1 and 13.3 μg/l. Of the controls 95% showed nickel levels in urine below 2.2 μg/l (reference value). The average concentration of nickel in the air was 93 ± 81 μg/m³. The average concentration of nickel in the plasma samples was 4.9 ± 4.0 μg/l (95th percentile 12.8 μg/L). In erythrocytes nickel could not be detected. The nickel concentrations in the urine of the welders were 18.5 ± 28.5 μg/l on average (95th percentile 52.5 μg/l). Only a weak correlation between the nickel levels of plasma and urine could be detected (C_urine = 2.07 + 8.45 C_plasma; r = 0.294; p < 0.01). Based on our results and on the reported literature a future limit value for the nickel concentration in urine should lay between 30 and 50 μg/l. This value corresponds to an external exposure of 500 μg nickel per cubic metre.