病耻感对中青年维持性血液透析患者心理痛苦的影响

目的 探讨自尊在中青年维持性血液透析患者病耻感与心理痛苦之间的中介效应,以及家庭亲密度在其中的调节效应。 方法 采用便利抽样法,利用病耻感量表、自尊量表、家庭亲密度量表及心理痛苦温度计于2021年6月—12月对福建省福州市、莆田市4所三级甲等医院382例中青年维持性血液透析患者进行调查,应用SPSS 26.0软件进行相关分析,运用PROCESS宏程序中的Model 4进行中介效应分析和Model 58进行调节效应分析。 结果 中青年维持性血液透析患者心理痛苦检出率为59.7%,病耻感、自尊、家庭亲密度、心理痛苦之间存在两两相关关系（均P<0.001）。自尊在病耻感与心理痛苦间起部分中介作用（β=-0.22,t=-3.85,P<0.001）,家庭亲密度调节了这一中介过程的前半路径（β=0.19,t=5.08,P<0.001）,高的家庭亲密度会减弱病耻感对自尊的影响,反之,则增强。 结论 中青年维持性血液透析患者病耻感不仅能直接正向预测心理痛苦,还能通过自尊对其产生间接的影响,家庭亲密度调节了这一过程。可采取叙事家庭疗法降低患者病耻感,提高家庭亲密度,保护自尊,减轻心理痛苦。     

Understanding and measuring AIDS-related stigma in health care settings: A developing country perspective

AIDS-related stigma and discrimination remain pervasive problems in health care institutions worldwide. This paper reports on stigma-related baseline findings from a study in New Delhi, India to evaluate the impact of a stigma-reduction intervention in three large hospitals. Data were collected via in-depth interviews with hospital staff and HIV-infected patients, surveys with hospital workers (884 doctors, nurses and ward staff) and observations of hospital practices. Interview findings highlighted drivers and manifestations of stigma that are important to address, and that are likely to have wider relevance for other developing country health care settings. These clustered around attitudes towards hospital practices, such as informing family members of a patient's HIV status without his/her consent, burning the linen of HIV-infected patients, charging HIV-infected patients for the cost of infection control supplies, and the use of gloves only with HIV-infected patients. These findings informed the development and evaluation of a culturally appropriate index to measure stigma in this setting. Baseline findings indicate that the stigma index is sufficiently reliable (alpha = 0.74). Higher scores on the stigma index – which focuses on attitudes towards HIV-infected persons – were associated with incorrect knowledge about HIV transmission and discriminatory practices. Stigma scores also varied by type of health care providers – physicians reported the least stigmatising attitudes as compared to nursing and ward staff in the hospitals. The study findings highlight issues particular to the health care sector in limited-resource settings.To be successful, stigma-reduction interventions, and the measures used to assess changes, need to take into account the sociocultural and economic context within which stigma occurs.     

医疗服务过程中艾滋病相关的耻辱与歧视

人类免疫缺陷病毒/艾滋病(HIV/AIDS)相关的耻辱与歧视已成为目前HIV/AIDS防治工作的最主要问题之一,特别是在医疗卫生服务过程中更引起了研究者和全社会的重视。本文对国内外卫生服务过程中HIV/AIDS相关的耻辱与歧视的现状、造成的影响以及目前的对策进行了概述,并对其原因进行了初步分析。     

精神疾病公众污名的研究进展

公众污名是一种多层次、复杂的现象,是指人们对待被污名化群体的态度及行为,这些被污名化的群体均具有社会不期望或不名誉的特征,如同性恋、艾滋病、性病及精神疾病患者等。精神疾病公众污名则指人们对待精神疾病患者消极的态度及行为,它已经成为精神疾病患者治疗和康复的一大障碍,对患者回归社会造成了直接的影响。为了降低人们对精神疾病的污名,澳大利亚、加拿大及英国等率先发起和实施了反对污名的项目,比如英国在2009年开展的＂Time to Change＂运动等,国内关于此方面的活动或研究少见报道。而我国在集体主义文化的影响下,精神疾病公众污名比西方国家更为严重。     

Breaking worse: The emergence of krokodil and excessive injuries among people who inject drugs in Eurasia

BackgroundKrokodil, a homemade injectable opioid, gained its moniker from the excessive harms associated with its use, such as ulcerations, amputations and discolored scale-like skin. While a relatively new phenomenon, krokodil use is prevalent in Russia and the Ukraine, with at least 100,000 and around 20,000 people respectively estimated to have injected the drug in 2011. In this paper we review the existing information on the production and use of krokodil, within the context of the region's recent social history.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Google Advanced Search, Google Scholar, YouTube and the media search engine www.Mool.com for peer reviewed or media reports, grey literature and video reports. Survey data from HIV prevention and treatment NGOs was consulted, as well as regional experts and NGO representatives.FindingsKrokodil production emerged in an atypical homemade drug production and injecting risk environment that predates the fall of communism. Made from codeine, the active ingredient is reportedly desomorphine, but – given the rudimentary ‘laboratory’ conditions – the solution injected may include various opioid alkaloids as well as high concentrations of processing chemicals, responsible for the localized and systemic injuries reported here. Links between health care and law enforcement, stigma and maltreatment by medical providers are likely to thwart users seeking timely medical help.ConclusionA comprehensive response to the emergence of krokodil and associated harms should focus both on the substance itself and its rudimentary production methods, as well as on its micro and macro risk environments – that of the on-going syndemic of drug injecting, HIV, HCV, TB and STIs in the region and the recent upheaval in local and international heroin supply. The feasibility of harm reduction strategies for people who inject krokodil may depend more on political will than on the practical implementation of interventions. The legal status of opioid substitution treatment in Russia is a point in case.     

城镇与农村精神分裂症患者病耻感的研究

目的 了解缓解期精神分裂症患者的病耻感情况,分析比较城镇与农村精神分裂症患者病耻感的特点.方法 对本院住院和门诊治疗的133例缓解期精神分裂症患者进行人口学特征、精神病简明评定量表(BPRS)、阳性阴性症状量表(PANSS)、不良反应量表(TESS)、临床疗效总评量表严重度( CGI-SI)和病耻感量表进行测量和评估,分析68例城镇患者与65例农村患者的各量表的评定结果.结果 精神分裂症患者普遍存在被歧视、自我感觉的病耻感及对疾病的掩饰性,但城镇患者对病耻感的掩饰性因子和积极效应因子高于农村患者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 对精神分裂症患者开展心理健康教育和积极的心理干预策略对减轻病耻感非常重要,对城镇患者个体化的心理干预、促进其及早回归社会,而对于农村的患者,应重在普及精神卫生知识的宣教.     

How do obese individuals perceive and respond to the different types of obesity stigma that they encounter in their daily lives? A qualitative study

Obesity stigma exists within many institutions and cultural settings. Most studies suggest that stigmatising experiences have a negative impact on individuals' health and social behaviours and outcomes. However, some studies indicate that obesity stigma can motivate individuals to lose weight. Limited research has examined weight-based stigma from the perspective of obese individuals, including their perceptions of, and responses to, the different types of weight-based stigma they face in their daily lives. This study advances knowledge about weight-based stigma by documenting how obese adults (mostly female) described the different types of obesity stigma that they faced, how they responded to this stigma, and how different types of stigma impact on health and social wellbeing. Semi-structured, qualitative interviews were conducted between April 2008 and March 2009 with a diverse sample of 141 obese Australian adults. Guided by Link and Phelan's (2006) categorisation of different types of discrimination, participants' experiences could be grouped into three distinct types of stigma: 1) Direct (e.g. being abused when using public transport); 2) Environmental (e.g. not being able to fit into seats on planes); and 3) Indirect (e.g. people staring at the contents of their supermarket trolley). Participants described that more subtle forms of stigma had the most impact on their health and social wellbeing. However, it was the interaction between direct, environmental and indirect stigma that created a barrier to participation in health-promoting activities. Participants rarely challenged stigma and often blamed themselves for stigmatising experiences. They also avoided situations where they perceived they would be stigmatised and constantly thought about how they could find a solution to their obesity.     

Labeling of mental disorders and stigma in young people

Mental disorders are common in young people, yet many do not seek help. The use of psychiatric labels to describe mental disorders is associated with effective help-seeking choices, and is promoted in community awareness initiatives designed to improve help-seeking. However these labels may also be coupled with stigmatizing beliefs and therefore inhibit help-seeking: lay mental health or non-specific labels may be less harmful. We examined the association between labeling of mental disorders and stigma in youth using data from a national telephone survey of 2802 Australians aged 12-25 years conducted from June 2006 to August 2006. Label use and stigmatizing beliefs were assessed in response to vignettes of a young person experiencing depression, psychosis or social phobia. Logistic regressions examined the association between a range of labels commonly used, including psychiatric labels, and a range of stigma components. There were no significant associations between label use and the stigma components of "stigma perceived in others", "reluctance to disclose" and for the most part "social distance". Most mental health labels were associated with seeing the person as "sick" rather than "weak" and accurate psychiatric labels had the strongest effect sizes. However, for the psychosis vignette, the "dangerous/unpredictable" component was predicted by the labels "schizophrenia/psychosis", "mental illness" and "psychological problem", and the accurate psychiatric label showed the strongest association. For all vignettes, generic lay labels were not associated with stigma, but also rarely had a counter stigma effect. These findings suggest that the use of accurate psychiatric labels by young people is seldom associated with stigma and may assist young people by reducing perceptions of weakness. However, community education that promotes accurate labeling of psychosis should proceed with caution and address beliefs about dangerousness and unpredictability.     

Understanding HIV disclosure: a review and application of the Disclosure Processes Model

HIV disclosure is a critical component of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment efforts, yet the field lacks a comprehensive theoretical framework with which to study how HIV-positive individuals make decisions about disclosing their serostatus and how these decisions affect them. Recent theorizing in the context of the Disclosure Processes Model has suggested that the disclosure process consists of antecedent goals, the disclosure event itself, mediating processes and outcomes, and a feedback loop. In this paper, we apply this new theoretical framework to HIV disclosure in order to review the current state of the literature, identify gaps in existing research, and highlight the implications of the framework for future work in this area.     

Measuring public discomfort at meeting people with disabilities

The discomfort reported by the general public at the prospect of personal contact with marginalised groups is an expression of the stigma they experience. This has been widely studied in relation to ethnic minorities and immigrants but less so for persons with disabilities. A national survey with a representative sample of over 1100 Irish adults provided an opportunity to examine reported discomfort with persons who had different impairments, including mental health conditions, with four other minority groups. Moreover, the personal and situational variables associated with expressions of discomfort were identified.Respondents were most comfortable having persons with physical and sensorial disabilities living in their neighbourhood or in their workplace but less so for persons with intellectual disabilities and even less for people with mental health conditions. They were much less comfortable with the four other social groups: gay, lesbian or bisexual people; Eastern European migrant workers; black and ethnic minority groups and least of all, travellers. Moreover, a factor analysis confirmed that the scores given to the impaired groups were significantly correlated with each other but less so with the other four social groupings, although these were significantly inter-correlated among themselves. Respondents who were more comfortable with both sets of minority groups tended to have more social connections in their personal lives and to reside in towns or villages rather than cities. They also expressed more positive attitudes to the inclusion of persons with disabilities in Irish society.The gradient in levels of public discomfort across minority groups may provide a sensitive indicator of the differential stigma experienced by persons with impairments within societies but there remains the possibility that an alliance with other minority groups would also help to promote more positive attitudes and reduce their wider social exclusion.