粪肠球菌主要毒力因子研究进展

粪肠球菌为条件性致病菌,是许多国家医院内感染的主要病原菌,也是一种新的人畜共患病病原体。粪肠球菌感染和致死主要是由其毒力因子引起的,本文概述了粪肠球菌主要毒力因子尤其是溶血素的研究进展,为粪肠球菌致病机制的研究奠定基础。     

按蚊拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂抗性相关分子机理的研究进展

在杀虫剂的选择压力下蚊虫形成抗药性,不同类型的杀虫剂,由于其作用机制不同,其抗性分子机制也会有所不同。本文对按蚊拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂抗药性相关因素酯酶、细胞色素P450单加氧酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶及神经轴突钠离子通道等的研究进展进行了综述。     

肺炎支原体感染认识新进展

肺炎支原体在各个年龄段都是明确的呼吸道致病菌,它通过极样黏附细胞器吸附在宿主细胞表面,产生过氧化物离子和可能的外毒素,甚至可能直接入侵宿主细胞导致潜伏感染。诱发的免疫反应性损伤也是肺炎支原体引起临床症状的主要因素之一。肺炎支原体诊断最好结合PCR和血清学检测,而且鼻咽和口咽标本同时取材进行PCR检测,不同病程2次血清学检测能获得最可靠的诊断依据,培养方法对于肺外支原体感染和体外药物敏感试验十分重要。     

A systematic review and meta-analysis of biological treatments targeting tumour necrosis factor α for sciatica

Purpose

Systematic review comparing biological agents, targeting tumour necrosis factor α, for sciatica with placebo and alternative interventions.

Methods

We searched 21 electronic databases and bibliographies of included studies. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs and controlled observational studies of adults who had sciatica treated by biological agents compared with placebo or alternative interventions.

Results

We pooled the results of six studies (five RCTs and one non-RCT) in meta-analyses. Compared with placebo biological agents had: better global effects in the short-term odds ratio (OR) 2.0 (95 % CI 0.7–6.0), medium-term OR 2.7 (95 % CI 1.0–7.1) and long-term OR 2.3 [95 % CI 0.5 to 9.7); improved leg pain intensity in the short-term weighted mean difference (WMD) −13.6 (95 % CI −26.8 to −0.4), medium-term WMD −7.0 (95 % CI −15.4 to 1.5), but not long-term WMD 0.2 (95 % CI −20.3 to 20.8); improved Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) in the short-term WMD −5.2 (95 % CI −14.1 to 3.7), medium-term WMD −8.2 (95 % CI −14.4 to −2.0), and long-term WMD −5.0 (95 % CI −11.8 to 1.8). There was heterogeneity in the leg pain intensity and ODI results and improvements were no longer statistically significant when studies were restricted to RCTs. There was a reduction in the need for discectomy, which was not statistically significant, and no difference in the number of adverse effects.

Conclusions

There was insufficient evidence to recommend these agents when treating sciatica, but sufficient evidence to suggest that larger RCTs are needed.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00586-013-2739-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Prevalence of complications in neuromuscular scoliosis surgery: a literature meta-analysis from the past 15 years

Purpose

Our objectives were primarily to review the published literature on complications in neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) surgery and secondarily, by means of a meta-analysis, to determine the overall pooled rates (PR) of various complications associated with NMS surgery.

Methods

PubMed and Embase databases were searched for studies reporting the outcomes and complications of NMS surgery, published from 1997 to May 2011. We focused on NMS as defined by the Scoliosis Research Society’s classification. We measured the pooled estimate of the overall complication rates (PR) using a random effects meta-analytic model. This model considers both intra- and inter-study variation in calculating PR.

Results

Systematic review and meta-analysis were performed for 68 cohort and case–control studies with a total of 15,218 NMS patients. Pulmonary complications were the most reported (PR = 22.71 %) followed by implant complications (PR = 12.51 %), infections (PR = 10.91 %), neurological complications (PR = 3.01 %) and pseudoarthrosis (PR = 1.88 %). Revision, removal and extension of implant had highest PR (7.87 %) followed by malplacement of the pedicle screws (4.81 %). Rates of individual studies have moderate to high variability. The studies were heterogeneous in methodology and outcome types, which are plausible explanations for the variability; sensitivity analysis with respect to age at surgery, sample size, publication year and diagnosis could also partly explain this variability. In regard to surgical complications affiliated with various surgical techniques in NMS, the level of evidence of published literature ranges between 2+ to 2−; the subsequent recommendations are level C.

Conclusion

NMS patients have diverse and high complication rates after scoliosis surgery. High PRs of complications warrant more attention from the surgical community. Although the PR of all complications are affected by heterogeneity, they nevertheless provide valuable insights into the impact of methodological settings (sample size), patient characteristics (age at surgery), and continual advances in patient care on complication rates.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00586-012-2542-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Total shoulder arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty for glenohumeral arthritis: A systematic review of the literature at long-term follow-up

Introduction:

The optimal surgical treatment of end-stage primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis remains controversial. The objective of this article is to systematically review the current available literature to formulate evidence-based guidelines for treatment of this pathology with an arthroplasty.

Materials and Methods:

A systematic literature search was performed to identify all articles from 1990 onward that presented data concerning treatment of glenohumeral arthritis with total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) or head arthroplasty (HA) with a minimal follow-up of 7 years. The most relevant electronic databases were searched.

Results:

After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we identified 18 studies (of the initial 832 hits). The search included a total of 1,958 patients (HA: 316 and TSA: 1,642) with 2,111 shoulders (HA: 328 + TSA: 1,783). The revision rate for any reason in the HA group (13%) was higher than in the TSA group (7%) (P < 0.001). There was a trend of a higher complication rate (of any kind) in the TSA group (12%) when compared with the HA group (8%) (P = 0.065). The weighted mean improvement in anteflexion, exorotation and abduction were respectively 33°, 15° and 31° in the HA group and were respectively 56°, 21° and 48° in the TSA group. Mean decrease in pain scores was 4.2 in the HA and 5.5 in the TSA group.

Conclusion:

Finally, we conclude that TSA results in less need for revision surgery, but has a trend to result in more complications. The conclusions of this review should be interpreted with caution as only Level IV studies could be included.

Level of Evidence:

IV.     

雷洛昔芬治疗绝经后妇女骨质疏松症的系统评价

目的 评价雷洛昔芬治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的疗效和安全性.方法 计算机检索MEDLINE、EMBASE、Cochrane图书馆临床对照试验注册中心、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、数字化期刊全文数据库,并手工检索相关领域其他杂志.检索不受语种限制,时间截止至2012年11月.以患绝经后骨质疏松症的女性为研究对象、比较雷洛昔芬与安慰剂的随机对照试验,评价纳入研究的质量,用RevMan5.1软件进行Meta分析,并采用GRADE系统评价证据质量评价.结果 纳入11个随机对照试验,包括21028例患者.患者腰椎BMD升高达2.39%,且60 mg/d剂量提高腰椎BMD强于30 mg/d组,但60 mg/d与120 mg/d以上剂量组间效果无差别,能有效降低椎体骨折发生率,降低幅度达40%.基于上述系统评价结果,采用GRADE系统评价证据质量及推荐等级,证据总体质量评级为低质量,推荐强度为弱推荐.结论 雷洛昔芬治疗绝经后骨质疏松症疗效肯定,能提高腰椎骨密度,降低椎体骨折的风险,但尚无证据支持其能降低非椎体骨折发生率.     

腹腔镜脾切除与开腹脾切除治疗肝硬变门静脉高压致脾功能亢进疗效比较的系统评价

目的系统评价腹腔镜脾切除（LS）与开腹脾切除（OS）治疗肝硬变门静脉高压致脾功能亢进的疗效。方法计算机检索了Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials、Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews、Medline、Embase、CINAHL、CBM、CNKI、VIP和万方数据库中,所有关于LS术（LS组）与OS术（OS组）治疗肝硬变门静脉高压致脾功能亢进的随机对照试验和临床同期对照试验。根据纳入和排除标准筛选文献、提取资料和进行质量评价后,采用RevMan 5.1.0软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入17篇临床同期对照试验和1篇随机对照试验。Meta分析结果显示：LS组患者的术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后并发症发生率及术后1 d的白细胞水平均低（短）于OS组（P〈0.05）;其手术时间、术后7 d的白细胞水平、术后血小板计数（1 d和7 d）、术后丙氨酸氨基转移酶水平（1 d和7 d）和术后总胆红素水平（1 d和7 d）与OS组比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 LS术有助于减少肝硬变门静脉高压致脾功能亢进患者的术中出血量,缩短术后住院时间,减少术后并发症的发生;但目前的证据尚不能证明LS术能改善此类患者的肝功能。     

Trabecular metal fixation: A new chemical concoction

Secure fixation of metal prosthesis to bone has always been a challenge. Bone cement has been a great help in achieving this goal, but there can be complications, such as cement loosening and breakage. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider types of coating on a metal surface that will allow bone ongrowth or a type of metal (tantalum) that will allow bone ingrowth as it is a porous scaffold. Furthermore the stiffness of tantalum is between subchondral bone and cortical bone, which also promotes ingrowth. This metal can be overlayed on other metal or used by itself as an implant. In primary osteoarthritis of the glenohumeral joint, it can be used for both the humeral and glenoid components allowing for a cementless prosthesis. Thus the complications from the use of bone cement can be avoided. Tantalum can also be used with a reverse prosthesis. It is especially important for the glenoid baseplate component as it will take away stress from the screws that are used for early fixation. Tantalum is also useful in the revision setting where there is bone loss and secure fixation is needed to the remaining bone. Tantalum has been used in the shoulder for more than 5 years successfully and longer in the hip and knee.