Conditioned taste aversion using four different means to deliver sucrose to rats

A solution of sucrose either to be drunk from a drinking tube-self-drinking procedure (SD)-or perfused intraorally as a consequence of nose-pokes-self-administration procedure (SA)-or perfused as a consequence of licking an empty tube (LA)-was paired with an LiCl-induced malaise in rats. The effects were compared to those of a procedure consisting of intraoral administration (IO) of sucrose not contingent to any specific action of the rat. Similar levels of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) were obtained but extinction in the IO procedure was quicker than in the SA procedure, which was itself quicker than in the SD procedure. Extinctions in the IO and LA procedures resembled one another and were quicker than in the SD procedure. A step towards deciding between several explanatory hypotheses of these differences was made by conducting two more experiments. The third experiment was based on reinstatement, or not, of the conditioning procedure for the test after standard IO extinction. CTA was produced only when SD was used both at conditioning and test. A fourth experiment was based on latent inhibition where the procedure was changed, or not, between preexposure and conditioning. Latent inhibition was absent only when the rats had been preexposed to sucrose with the SA procedure and conditioned with the SD procedure.     

Mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted individuals who have become schizophrenic

In a sample of 5483 adults who had been legally adopted early in life by persons not biologically related to them, 33 were identified, from mental hospital records, for whom a diagnosis of definite schizophrenia (chronic, latent, or acute) could be agreed upon by four raters. An equal number of matched controls were selected from the sample of adopted individuals who had never been admitted to a mental hospital. Ninety percent of the living parents, siblings, and half-siblings, biological and adoptive, cooperated in an extensive psychiatric interview permitting a consensus diagnosis by three blind raters. Schizophrenia and uncertain schizophrenia were found to be significantly concentrated in the population genetically related to the schiziphrenic adoptees. Their adoptive relatives did not differ from the control populations in the prevalence of schizophrenic illness.This was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics, Portland. Oregon, October 18, 1974.     

阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗慢性精神分裂症的对照研究

目的 探讨阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗慢性精神分裂症的疗效及安全性。方法 对50例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为2组，分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗8周，采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）及副反应量表（TESS）在治疗前后1、2、4、8周末分别评定疗效和副反应。结果 阿立哌唑组和利培酮组疗效间无显著性差异。TESS评定阿立哌唑组副作用小于利培酮组（P〈0．01）。结论 阿立哌唑与利培酮对慢性精神分裂症均有较好的疗效。阿立哌唑具有较小的副作用。     

Risk factors,clinical course and outcomes of pregnancy-related group A streptococcal infections: retrospective 13-year cohort study

Objectives

To investigate the incidence, risk factors, clinical course and outcomes of pregnancy-related group A streptococcus (GAS) infection.

通径分析在精神分裂症发病危险因素分析中的应用

本文对３０年前首次住院经ＣＣＭＤ－２再诊断的２０３例精神分裂症采用通径分析方法，进行了遗传流行病学对照研究。结果显示精神分裂症的发病与产次、性格、家族史有关。     

主、被动音乐治疗对慢性精神分裂症疗效分析

目的　观察主、被动音乐治疗对慢性精神分裂症治疗效果。方法　慢性精神分裂症 72例 ,随机分为主、被动音乐治疗组 ,各 3 6例 ,观察 8周。以 BPRS、SANS量表评定疗效。结果　两组患者 BPRS、SANS量表评分差异均有显著性意义。结论　对慢性精神分裂症的康复治疗主动性音乐治疗优于被动性音乐治疗。     

抑郁症患者威斯康星卡片分类测验和连续操作测验的初步研究

目的 :通过与精神分裂症患者和正常对照的比较 ,探讨抑郁症患者的执行功能和注意功能。方法 :采用威斯康星卡片分类测验 (WCST)、连续操作测验 (CPT) ,对 66例精神分裂症患者、 42例抑郁症患者和 5 0名对照者的执行功能和注意功能进行评估。结果 :两组患者WCST中的总测验次数、持续错误数和随机错误数均明显多于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ;其中精神分裂症组WCST的三项成绩明显差于抑郁症组 (P <0 0 1) ;无干扰刺激时 ,精神分裂症组的认对数明显差于抑郁症组和对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,而抑郁症组与对照组之间的差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;有干扰刺激时 ,精神分裂症组与对照组的差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ,抑郁症组与其它两组的差异均无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :抑郁症组有执行功能障碍 ,介于精神分裂症组和对照组之间 ;在抑郁症组中没有发现有明显的注意障碍。     

住院精神分裂症病人高血糖症的调查

目的 :探讨精神分裂症病人高血糖症的发生与抗精神病药物治疗以及其他因素的关系。方法 :收集精神分裂症住院患者的临床资料 ,对精神分裂症患者出现的高血糖症与不同抗精神病药物治疗、糖尿病家族史、性别、年龄、患病病程等进行单因素和多因素分析。结果 :987例病人中有高血糖症者 3 5例。统计分析表明 ,血糖升高与精神分裂症总病程以及抗精神病药使用的时间的长短有关 ,也可能与患者年龄和性别因素有关 ,但与使用药物种类、糖尿病家族史以及体重变化等因素无密切关系。结论 :初步分析提示慢性病程、长期接受抗精神病药物治疗是精神分裂症病人高血糖症发生的危险因素。     

精神分裂症与KCNN3基因1137～1140缺失移码突变传递不平衡研究

目的 探讨KCNN3基因1137～1140的4个碱基缺失所致移码突变与精神分裂症的关系。方法 95个核心家系共289名家庭成员，包含107例精神分裂症患者纳入本研究。精神分裂症采用CCMD-Ⅱ-R诊断标准。KCNN3基因1137～1140的4个碱基缺失基因型检测使用PCR技术和限制性内切酶DdeI消化方法。精神分裂症与KCNN3基因1137～1140缺失4个碱基的关联分析采用基于单倍型的单倍型相对风险率和传递／不平衡检验。结果 患者组与正常父母组比较，KCNN3基因1137～1140的4个碱基缺失的基因型频数和等位基因频率分布差异无统计学意义（χ^2=0．253，P〉0．05和χ^2＝0．010，P〉0．05）。基于单倍型的单倍型相对风险分析发现父母传递与不传递给患者的KCNN3基因等位基因之间差异无统计学意义（χ^2=0．042，P〉0．05）。传递不平衡检验结果发现KCNN3基因等位基因传递不存在连锁不平衡（χ^2=3．000，P＝0．0833）。结论 本组研究对象中，KCNN3基因第1外显子1137～1140的4个碱基缺失的发生率少；分析结果提示KCNN3基因第1外显子1137～1140的4个碱基缺失的等位基因与精神分裂症无关联。     

北京地区精神分裂症患者家属情感表达测查报告

目的;探讨北京地区的住院精神分裂症患者家属情感表达方式及测查方法的实用性、测查工具应用的一致性。方法：经过训练的研究人员,采用费氏修订的ＣＦＩ－ＣＶ访谈提纲,对１７１例住院精神分裂症患者家庭的２８４位家属进行访谈和录音,并将录音打印成文字资料。