多组比较样本含量及检验效能的线性算图估计

目的 为临床试验中多处理组比较时样本例数估计提供一种简单、实用的方法。方法 利用线性算图方法,通过计算“差别参数”,得出在一定检验水准和效能下,多处理组比较时每组所需样本含量。结果 实例分析表明,该法所得结果与其他方法结果相近,但计算过程简单且可用于其他类型资料分析的样本例数估计。结论 线性算图法是确定多处理样本含量的一种有效、可行的方法。     

改善沟通方法,促进师生沟通

沟通是教育工作的重要内容，本文结合影响教育沟通中的常见因素和师生沟通中的常见问题，从系统分析的角度，对提高师生沟通质量的主要因素包括沟通环境、沟通方法等问题进行了探讨。     

中国小学生基本数学能力发展水平现状抽样研究

目的探讨不同地区儿童数学能力发展水平的差异，以期从多层次、多角度为发展基础教育提供一定的理论依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样，在中国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市的城区与农村抽取样本分别为9180例和7936例。结果不同地区儿童的数学能力发展不平衡，华东、华中地区的学生数学能力测试成绩相对较好，而西南地区的学生数学能力相对偏低，组间差异有显著性意义（P〈0．01）。结论应努力提高少数名族地区的经济、文化水平，缩小地区差异，为孩子们的发展提供一个良好的教育环境。     

The isolated salivary duct as a model for electrolyte transport studies

Summary An approximately 1 cm length of the main excretory duct of the rabbit submaxillary gland is dissected free from the animal and transferred to a lucite perfusion chamber containing rabbit serum. The ends of the duct are mounted over a pair of capillaries so that the duct could be perfused through one capillary while samples are collected from the other. A special multibarrelled perfusion system allowed intraluminal current application and transepithelial voltage recording. Both sides of the duct epithelium were bathed with continuously flowing solutions, which could be rapidly exchanged.Net Na⁺ transport across the isolated duct is as great as net Na⁺ transport in vivo. Net Na⁺ reabsorption ranges from 380 to 600 neq/min·cm², and net K⁺ secretion is 13 to 26 neq/min·cm². Cation transport is maintained stable during a 3 h period, and thereafter slowly decreases. During perfusion with bicarbonate Ringer's solution, the mean transepithelial electrical potential difference is 17±3 mV (lumen negative). During sodium sulfate perfusion the duct epithelium generates a p.d. of up to 185 mV. Using cable analysis, the specific electrical resistance of the duct epithelium was determined to be 11.2±1.6 cm². Since the duct epithelium shows a linear current-voltage relation, the short-circuit-current can be calculated from the open-circuit-p.d. and the specific wall resistance during perfusion with bicarbonate Ringer's solution. A value of 1.5±0.3 mA/cm² is obtained, which is primarily accounted for by active transport of sodium.     

银翘散血清药物化学研究

目的对银翘散的血清药物化学进行研究。方法建立银翘散及灌胃银翘散的大鼠血清的HPLC指纹色谱分析方法;分析银翘散给药后及未给药所得血清样品与其体外银翘散和单味生药的成分比较,鉴定灌胃银翘散后大鼠血中移行成分、来源生药及其代谢产物。结果从灌胃银翘散的大鼠血中发现了15个入血成分,其中3个为新产生的代谢产物;12个成分为银翘散所含成分的原型,其中有一成分是来自金银花中的绿原酸。结论运用保留时间相对偏差为谱峰来源,对银翘散可作定性分析。     

电子胃镜与病理诊断慢性胃炎差异的相关因素分析

目的通过对胃镜下直视诊断慢性胃炎与病理诊断结果进行对比分析,探讨造成两者之间差异的相关因素,并提出相应建议,提高胃镜医师对慢性胃炎的正确认识。方法选择我院经胃镜或病理诊断为慢性胃炎的150例患者,对比其胃镜诊断与病理诊断结果,计算两者的符合率。结果CSG与CAG的胃镜诊断与病理诊断符合率分别为56.3%和58.1%,两种方法对胃镜诊断的一致性较差。结论提高慢性胃炎的诊断,应胃镜与病理诊断相结合,规范胃镜下操作,并采取准确、多部位取材活检以及规范病理检查和诊断标准。     

三种国产乙型肝炎病毒基因荧光定量试剂检测结果分析

目的:探讨上海复星、深圳匹基、上海科华三种国产乙型肝炎病毒基因(HBV-DNA)荧光定量试剂的临床检测结果相互之间是否存在差异。方法:将相同的标本分别用三种国产HBV-DNA荧光定量试剂进行HBV-DNA荧光定量测定。然后再对检测结果进行对比,分析相互之间是否存在差异。结果:23例已知的慢性乙型肝炎患者标本,3例已知正常标本分别用三种国产HBV-DNA荧光定量试剂进行HBV-DNA定量检测,结果显示三种国产试剂的HBV-DNA定量检测结果相互之间差异小于一个数量级占91.4%,大于一个数量级小于二个数量级的占8.6%,经统计学分析差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论:上述三种国产HBV-DNA荧光定量试剂在同一套设备上的检测结果相互之间差异很小,有很好的准确度,它们的检测结果可以相互进行比较。     

模糊子集的相关及差异在医学数据处理中的应用

本文在模糊子集相关系数基础上，给出了模糊子集差异系数的概念。并分别定出了相关性和差异性的判别标准，最后，用实例说明了对实验数据进行相关性和差异显著性检验的具体步骤。     

70例大学生血液流变指标检测与分析

利用中国科学院传感技术公司产血液流变学测试仪（其中血液粘度计为旋转同轴圆筒式），对７０名大学生的血液流变指标进行测试，给出测试结果的男女平均值，并对其进行比较分析，结果表明：红细胞压积，血沉指标男女有显著性差异；全血还原粘度等其它指标男女无显著性差异     

Beyond barriers: The challenge of cultural diversity for nurse academics in the Australian context

In spite of the increasing significance of cultural diversity for nursing, some Australian nurse teachers are not well prepared for the challenges they face, nor have nursing curricula been re-conceptualized to meet the changing needs of society and more specifically nursing students.Although numerous teaching and learning programmes for inclusion of diversity are reported in the literature, both within Australia and overseas, there appears to be little commitment to the adoption of a more fundamental change in curricula and teaching and learning practices. In particular there appears to be little attention to how teachers negotiate meaningful social dynamics within multicultural learning contexts.This article reports on the findings of a study carried out across two Schools of Nursing in Australia. The purpose of the study was to explore why schools have been reluctant to move to more culturally diverse models of teaching and learning. This paper reports on the findings of focus groups with teachers about their experiences of teaching in the context of cultural diversity.Study findings explore teachers’ perceptions of cultural diversity and its impact on teaching and learning nursing. Teachers reported a range of tensions arising from lack of a shared philosophical view about curricula generally, lack of consideration of diversity as a significant issue for both teachers and students, limited perceptions of community as a key driver of curricula and a reluctance to address the difficult and contentious issues arising from diversity in the classroom.