A meta-analysis of critically ill patients reveals several potential risk factors for delirium

Objective

To investigate potential risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients through a meta-analysis of clinical observational studies.

Method

A literature search was conducted of MEDLINE and Embase databases. Studies that reported risk factors for delirium in a critical care setting were included. Data were independently extracted by two reviewers and pooled using a fixed-effect or random effects model according to the result of a heterogeneity test.

Results

Twenty-five studies were included. The combined odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for each potential risk factor estimated by meta-analysis was as follows (univariate/multivariate): alcohol use, 1.47 (0.79–2.72)/2.34 (1.56–3.49); smoking, 1.01 (0.81–1.25)/1.61 (0.83–3.10); hypertension, 1.64 (1.30–2.06)/1.98 (1.44–2.72); age (per year), 1.03 (1.001–1.05)/1.04 (1.02–1.05); age > 65 years, 2.52 (1.55–4.10)/2.59 (1.93–3.47); mechanical ventilation, 3.09 (1.43–6.66)/4.51 (1.41–14.39); and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score (per point), 1.13 (1.06–1.21) (multivariate only). There was no evidence of publication bias except for APACHE II score.

Conclusion

Age, history of hypertension, clinical use of mechanical ventilation and higher APACHE II score are associated with increased risk of delirium in critically ill patients.     

主动脉夹层患者术后谵妄危险因素和预测模型的研究进展

术后谵妄是主动脉夹层患者常见并发症之一,发生率较高,危害性较强。该研究对主动脉夹层患者术后谵妄的类型和特征、危险因素及风险预测模型进行综述,以期为临床医护人员尽早识别主动脉夹层患者谵妄风险,制订有效预防管理方案,改善患者生存结局提供参考。     

Delirium prevalence and prevention in patients with acute brain injury: A prospective before-and-after intervention study

ObjectivesKnowledge regarding delirium prevention in patients with acute brain injury remains limited. We tested the hypothesis that an intervention bundle which targeted sedation, sleep, pain, and mobilisation would reduce delirium in patients with acute brain injury.DesignA prospective before-after intervention study: a five-month phase of standard care was followed by a six-month intervention phase.SettingThe neuro-intensive care unit, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark.Main outcome measuresThe Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist was used to detect delirium. Primary outcome was delirium duration; secondary outcomes were delirium prevalence, ICU length of stay and one year mortality.ResultsForty-four patients were included during the standard care phase, and 50 during the intervention phase. Delirium was present in 90% of patients in the standard care group and 88% in the intervention group (p = 1.0), and time with delirium was 4 days vs 3.5 days (p = 0.26), respectively. Also, ICU length of stay (13 vs. 10.5 days (p = 0.4)) and the one year mortality (21% vs 12% (p = 0.38))) were similar between groups.ConclusionWe found a high prevalence of delirium in patients with acute brain injury. The intervention bundle did not significantly reduce prevalence or duration of delirium, ICU length of stay or one year mortality.     

早期四级锻炼对预防老年重症肺炎机械通气患者谵妄的研究

目的探讨早期四级锻炼方式对预防老年重症肺炎机械通气患者谵妄发生及预后的影响。方法选取2017年10月-2018年12月我院重症监护室收治的92例老年重症肺炎行机械通气患者为研究对象,按数字随机表法分为对照组和观察组各46例。对照组患者采用重症肺炎机械通气常规护理,观察组在对照组的基础上实施早期四级锻炼方式。详细记录两组患者谵妄发生例数、首次谵妄发生时间、谵妄状态持续时间以及预后指标(机械通气时间、住院时间),并进行组间比较。结果观察组谵妄发生率以及谵妄持续时间均明显低于对照组(P<0.05),且观察组机械通气时间显著降低(P<0.05),总住院时间呈缩短趋势;两组首次谵妄发生时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但观察组首次发生时间有所延长。结论早期实施四级锻炼方式可有效预防老年重症肺炎机械通气患者谵妄的发生,改善患者的预后。     

基于体验式学习理论的谵妄教育培训对重症监护室护士谵妄知识水平和评估识别能力的影响

目的探讨基于体验式学习理论的谵妄教育培训对重症监护室护士谵妄知识水平和评估识别能力的影响。方法选取我院2017年2月至2018年11月工作的重症监护室护士30名为研究对象,比较应用基于体验式学习理论的谵妄教育培训前后,重症监护室护士的理论知识和操作技能考核成绩、科室和带教医师满意度。结果培训后重症监护室护士的理论知识和操作技能考核成绩,科室和带教老师满意度均优于培训前(P<0.05)。结论对重症监护室护士开展基于体验式学习理论的谵妄教育培训,可提高其谵妄知识水平和评估识别能力的作用,值得推广应用。     

心外科ICU老年机械通气患者谵妄发生状况及危险因素分析

目的探讨心外科ICU老年机械通气患者谵妄发生状况及其危险因素。方法选取2018年1月至2019年3月我院心外科ICU收治的老年机械通气患者86例为研究对象,回顾分析患者基础信息,统计发生谵妄的例数,借助多因素logistic回归分析确定谵妄发生的危险因素。结果我院心外科ICU老年机械通气患者发生谵妄32例,占比37.21%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄、手术类型、术后疼痛、体外循环时间、APACHEⅡ评分、机械通气时长、使用咪达唑仑是心外科ICU老年机械通气患者发生谵妄的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论我院心外科ICU老年机械通气患者谵妄发生率偏高,其危险因素较多,临床中需结合其危险因素采取相应干预措施。     

高龄髋关节置换术后谵妄发病率、临床特点及危险因素分析

目的调查高龄髋关节置换术后谵妄发病率、临床特点及危险因素。方法选取我院2018年4月至2019年6月行髋关节置换术高龄患者256例为研究对象,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析,依据其术后是否出现谵妄分为谵妄组与非谵妄组,计算术后谵妄发病率,分析其临床特点及危险因素。结果本组术后发生谵妄36例,发病率为14.06%,临床特点为意识障碍,恐怖性错觉与幻觉,精神及运动性兴奋等临床特点;年龄、麻醉方式、手术时间、术中出血量、术前低蛋白血症、合并基础病及麻醉方式与高龄髋关节置换术后谵妄的发生密切相关;年龄、术前低蛋白血症、手术时间、麻醉方式是其独立影响因素。结论对于高龄髋关节置换术患者,护理人员应在术前全面评估,制定具有针对性的护理干预措施,保证手术治疗的安全性。     

氟哌啶醇预防危重症患者谵妄发生的Meta分析

目的系统评价氟哌啶醇预防危重患者发生谵妄的疗效和安全性。 方法计算机检索Medline、EMbase、The Cochrane Library、维普数据库、中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库数据库从建库至2018年9月的关于氟哌啶醇预防危重症患者谵妄疗效的随机对照试验（RCT）。由2位研究者按照纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献、提取资料和评价质量后,采用RevMan 5.2软件进行Meta分析。 结果共纳入4个RCT,2 455例患者。Meta分析结果显示,试验组与对照组危重症患者间28 d谵妄发病率[相对危险度（RR） = 0.96,95%置信区间（CI）（0.65,1.43）,Z = 0.19,P = 0.85]、28 d无谵妄及无昏迷时间[均数差（MD） = 0.05,95%CI（-0.06,0.15）,Z = 0.88,P = 0.38]、28 d存活率[RR = 1.00,95%CI（0.97,1.04）,Z = 0.23,P = 0.82]、ICU住院时间[MD = -0.18,95%CI（-2.00,1.64）,Z = 0.20,P = 0.84]的比较,差异均无统计学意义。且在严重不良反应方面,两组患者间QTc间期延长[RR = 1.18,95%CI（0.83,1.67）,Z = 0.92,P = 0.36]、锥体外系症状[RR = 1.07,95%CI（0.69,1.67）,Z = 0.31,P = 0.76]、过度镇静[RR = 1.90,95%CI（0.77,4.66）,Z = 1.40,P = 0.16]发生的比较,差异也均无统计学意义。 结论氟哌啶醇不能预防危重症患者谵妄的发生,且对预后也没有明显改善作用。     

Anticholinergic Drug Burden and Delirium: A Systematic Review

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between anticholinergic drug burden (ADB), measured with anticholinergic drug scales, and delirium and delirium severity.DesignSystematic review.Setting and ParticipantsAll available studies.MethodsA systematic literature search was performed in Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar. Studies evaluating the association between ADB (measured as a total score) and delirium or delirium severity, published in English, were eligible for inclusion.ResultsSixteen studies, including 148,756 persons, were included. Fifteen studies investigated delirium. ADB was measured with the Anticholinergic Risk Scale (ARS, n = 5), the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale (ACB, n = 6), the list of Chew (n = 1), the Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS, n = 5), a modified version of the ARS (n = 1), and a modified version of the ACB (n = 1). A high ADB, measured with the ARS, was associated with delirium (5/5). Also with the modified version of the ARS and ACB, an association was found between a high ADB and delirium during 3-month (1/1) and 1-year follow-up (1/1), respectively. When ADB was assessed with other scales, the results were inconclusive, with only 1 positive association for the ACB (1/6) and ADS (1/5) each. The possible association between ADB and delirium severity has also been investigated (ADS n = 2, Summers Drug Risk Number n = 1). One study found an association between a high ADB, measured with the ADS, and an increase in severity of delirium.Conclusions and ImplicationsADB assessed with the ARS is consistently associated with delirium. The association found between the modified versions of the ARS and ACB and delirium needs confirmation. When ADB was assessed with other scales, the findings were inconclusive. The current findings suggest that the ARS might be a useful tool to identify patients at increased risk for delirium.