Origins of the projections of the superior colliculus to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the pulvinar in the rabbit

The origins of the projections of the superior colliculus to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and to the pulvinar in Dutch-belted rabbits were investigated using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) methods. Following injections of HRP in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the upper two-thirds of the stratum griseum superficiale of the ipsilateral superior colliculus. Most of the labeled somata were spindle-shaped, and their major axes tended to be perpendicular to the surface of the superior colliculus. In contrast, following injections of the pulvinar, labeled neurons were found in the lower third of the ipsilateral stratum griseum superficiale. In these cases, the labeled somata were larger than those labeled following dorsal lateral geniculate injections and were multipolar in shape.     

家庭因素对医学新生适应能力的影响

目的 :探讨家庭因素对医学新生适应能力的影响。方法 :使用“一般情况问卷”、“大学生适应情况调查表”、“父母养育方式问卷”、“家庭环境量表中文版”对三所医学院校新生 5 5 6人进行调查。通过单因素分析和多元回归分析等方法 ,筛选影响新生适应能力的主要家庭因素。结果 :入学新生四个月后仍有9 7%不能适应大学学习 ,3 6 %不适应大学生活 ,11 9%不适应大学的人际关系。女生差于男生。父母情感温暖、亲密度、成功性、娱乐性与适应得分呈低度正相关 (r =0 16～ 0 2 4) ,而父母严厉惩罚、拒绝否认、过度保护、矛盾性、控制性呈低度负相关 (r =-0 15～ 0 2 4)。多元逐步回归显示 :矛盾性、娱乐性、组织性、控制性、父亲过度保护是影响医学新生适应能力的主要因素 (r =3 8～ 2 1)。结论 :家庭背景对新生的适应能力有显著影响     

大学生学习倦怠的初步研究

目的 调查大学生的学习倦怠状况.方法 采用大学生学习倦怠量表,对350名大学生进行施测.结果 ①大学生轻度学习倦怠的检出率为23.5%,中度学习倦怠的检出率为43.0%,高度学习倦怠的检出率7%;②性别对学习倦怠的人格解体维度有显著的影响;③学习倦怠对大学生的学习满意度、生活满意度、健康满意度及专业满意度具有显著的预测作用.结论 当前大学生的学习倦怠问题比较严重,需要进一步探究以改善其学习心理状况.     

大学生收看韩剧与文化认同的关系研究

目的 考察大学生韩剧收看情形,对韩国文化在认知、态度与行为层面的认同情形,以及大学生收看韩剧与韩国文化认同之间的关系.方法 采用访谈法、问卷法调查浙江师范大学380名学生.结果 92.2%大学生都收看过韩剧,收看情形相当普遍,剧情内容((x-)=3.92)、偶像演员的服装造型((x-)=3.78)和音乐等特性((x-)=3.29)是吸引大学生收看的主要原因.收看韩剧的大学生对韩国文化的认同程度颇高,以"向往韩国型"(t=-3.530,P＜0.01)的认同类型居多.不同性别大学生在收看韩剧及对韩国文化认同上有显著差异(t=-3.537,P＜0.01).收看韩剧与韩国文化的认同之间有显著相关(F=61.570,P＜0.01).结论 多数大学生收看韩剧,但不会盲目模仿.韩剧传达的信息促使大学生对韩文化产生认同.     

双性化对大学生主观幸福感的影响

目的揭示双性化对大学生主观幸福感的影响。方法采用性别角色量表和主观幸福感量表对4所不同类型院校大学生的性别角色取向及主观幸福感进行了测评。结果大部分学生的性别角色趋于双性化,但男女同学趋于双性化的程度有所不同,男女大学生不同的男性化和女性化程度对主观幸福感的影响也不同。结论不论男女,男性化取向的大学生在生活满意度和总体幸福感上的得分高一些;对男生而言,双性化取向的男生在情感维度上的得分高一些;对女生而言,男性化水平高的女生在情感维度上的得分高一些。     

Oxygen uptake-heart rate relationship in élite wheelchair racers

The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends that, as a general rule for health purposes, individuals should exercise at 40%–85% of their maximal oxygen uptakes. Moreover, it has been suggested that 55%–90% of the maximal heart rate may be used as an alternative estimate of these percentage maximal oxygen uptake values. The present study examined the relationship between percentage peak heart rate (% HR_peak) and percentage peak oxygen uptake (% ) during steady-state incremental intensity wheelchair propulsion of 16 élite, male wheelchair racers (WR). Oxygen uptake was determined during each submaximal exercise stage and heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored. The was subsequently determined using a separate protocol. Linear regression equations of % HR_peak versus % for each participant included % HR_peak values corresponding to 40%, 60%, 80% and 85% . The linear regression equation, derived as the group mean of the slope and intercept terms determined for each individual, was: . The group mean of the individual correlation coefficients for the relationship was 0.99. The values of % HR_peak for each of the % values below 85% were significantly greater (P<0.01) than those suggested by the ACSM. This suggests that the ACSM guidelines below 85% , based on % HR_peak, may underestimate the relative exercise intensity (i.e. % ) in the WR population. However, in élite level WR, % HR_peak can be recommended as an alternative estimate of % at wheelchair propulsion intensities of 85% or more. Electronic Publication     

Lactobacillus acidophilus Induces a Strain-specific and Toll-Like Receptor 2–Dependent Enhancement of Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction Barrier and Protection Against Intestinal Inflammation

Defective intestinal tight junction (TJ) barrier is an important pathogenic factor of inflammatory bowel disease. To date, no effective therapies that specifically target the intestinal TJ barrier are available. The purpose of this study was to identify probiotic bacterial species or strains that induce a rapid and sustained enhancement of intestinal TJ barrier and protect against the development of intestinal inflammation by targeting the TJ barrier. After high-throughput screening of >20 Lactobacillus and other probiotic bacterial species or strains, a specific strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus, referred to as LA1, uniquely produced a marked enhancement of the intestinal TJ barrier. LA1 attached to the apical membrane surface of intestinal epithelial cells in a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2–dependent manner and caused a rapid increase in enterocyte TLR-2 membrane expression and TLR-2/TLR-1 and TLR-2/TLR-6 hetero-complex–dependent enhancement in intestinal TJ barrier function. Oral administration of LA1 caused a rapid enhancement in mouse intestinal TJ barrier, protected against a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) increase in intestinal permeability, and prevented the DSS-induced colitis in a TLR-2– and intestinal TJ barrier–dependent manner. In conclusion, we report for the first time that a specific strain of LA causes a strain-specific enhancement of intestinal TJ barrier through a novel mechanism that involves the TLR-2 receptor complex and protects against the DSS-induced colitis by targeting the intestinal TJ barrier.

Intestinal epithelial tight junctions (TJs) are the apical-most junctional complexes and act as a functional and structural barrier against the paracellular permeation of harmful luminal antigens, which promote intestinal inflammation.¹ The increased intestinal permeability caused by defective intestinal epithelial TJ barrier or a leaky gut is an important pathogenic factor that contributes to the development of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other inflammatory conditions of the gut, including necrotizing enterocolitis and celiac disease.^2,3 Clinical studies in patients with IBD have found that a persistent increase in intestinal permeability after clinical remission is predictive of poor clinical outcome and early recurrence of the disease, whereas normalization of intestinal permeability correlates with a sustained long-term clinical remission.4, 5, 6 Accumulating evidence has found that a defective intestinal TJ barrier plays an important role in exacerbation and prolongation of intestinal inflammation in IBD. Currently, no effective therapies that specifically target the tightening of the intestinal TJ barrier are available.Intestinal microbiota play an important role in modulating the immune system and in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation.⁷ Patients with IBD have bacterial dysbiosis in the gut, characterized by a decrease in bacterial diversity and an aberrant increase in some commensal bacteria, which are an important factor in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation.^8,9 Normal microbial flora of the gastrointestinal tract consists both of bacteria that are known to have beneficial effects (probiotic bacteria) on intestinal homeostasis and bacteria that could potentially have detrimental effects on gut health (pathogenic bacteria).¹⁰ The modulation of intestinal microflora affects the physiologic and pathologic states in humans and animals. For example, fecal transplantation from healthy, unaffected individuals to patients with refractory Clostridium difficile colitis is curative in up to 94% of the treated patients, and transfer of stool microbiome from obese mice induces obesity in previous lean mice, whereas transfer of microbiome from lean mice preserves the lean phenotype.11, 12, 13 The beneficial effects of gut microbiota are host and bacterial species-specific.¹⁴ Although multiple studies indicate that some commensal bacteria play a beneficial role in gut homeostasis by preserving or promoting the intestinal barrier function, because of conflicting reports, it remains unclear which probiotic species cause a persistent predictable enhancement in the TJ barrier and could be used to treat intestinal inflammation by targeting the TJ barrier. For example, some studies suggest that Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, or Lactobacillus rhamnosus cause a modest enhancement in the intestinal epithelial TJ barrier, whereas others have found minimal or no effect of these probiotic species on the intestinal TJ barrier.15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 The major aim the current study was to perform a high-throughput screening of Lactobacillus and other bacterial species to identify probiotic species that induce a rapid, predictable, and marked increase in the intestinal epithelial TJ barrier and protect against the development of intestinal inflammation by preserving the intestinal TJ barrier.In the studies described herein, most of the probiotic species tested (>20 species or strains) had a modest or minimal effect on intestinal TJ barrier function. L. acidophilus uniquely caused a rapid and marked increase in intestinal TJ barrier function. Further analysis indicated that the effect of L. acidophilus was strain-specific, limited to a specific strain of L. acidophilus, and did not extend to other L. acidophilus strains. The L. acidophilus enhancement of the intestinal TJ barrier was mediated by live bacterial-enterocyte interaction that involved Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 heterodimeric complexes on the apical membrane surface of intestinal epithelial cells. Our animal studies also found that L. acidophilus causes a marked enhancement in mouse intestinal barrier function and protects against the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)–induced colitis by preserving and augmenting the mouse intestinal barrier function in a strain-specific manner.     

中学生学业能力倾向测验的初步编制

目的：编制一个适用于中学生的学业能力倾向测验。方法：采用理论与工作分析相结合的编制策略而成的中学生学业能力倾向测验包括A、B两个复本，均由三个分量表含七个分测验组成，分别测量语文．数理及图形等能力。研究样本由河北省石家庄市1424名中学生组成，并对其中468人分别进行信效度检验。结果：①各分测验原始分基本随年级升高而增长；②各分测验难度在0．46～0．54。鉴别指数在0.38～0．52；③各分量表及总分的重测相关系数在0．68～0．92，α系数在0．64～0．89．G系数在0．64～0．92；④探索性因素分析表明各分测验对基本能力因子均有中度以上的负荷，抽取的三个因子解释了总方差的72．18％(A式)和73．53％(B式)；⑤测验分数与长一鞍团体智力测验、与教师评价均呈显著正相关。测验分数在不同年级之间存在显著差异。学习成绩的回归分析可见，测验分数与考试成绩显著正相关，语文及数理分量表进入考试总成绩的回归方程。结论：中学生学业能力倾向测验的条目质量及信效度符合心理测量学的基本要求。     

高校教师完美主义与自我效能关系的研究

目的 探讨高校教师完美主义与自我效能的关系.方法 采用自编完美主义量表(SCPS)与一般自我效能感量表(GSES)对320名高校教师进行了调查.结果 ①完美主义的自省因子与自我效能存在非常显著的负相关(P＜0.01).②完美主义的自省、高标准因子对自我效能都有非常显著的预测作用(P＜0.001).结论 完美主义与自我效能存在密切关系.