Injuries Associated with All-Terrain Vehicles: A New Epidemic

Legislation regarding ATV use and safety varies widely in the United States. Analysis of laws governing the use of ATVs is limited by a lack of a centralized repository of such regulations [11]. Regardless, such legislation should be directed by data in the literature. In this light, given the data presented in this paper and other studies, it is quite clear that (1) children younger than 16 years of age should not operate ATVs, (2) children should never ride as passengers on ATVs, and (3) ATV drivers should be required to wear a government-approved helmet. At the very least, states considering regulation of ATV use in children should consider the AAP guidelines that suggest prohibition of the use of ATVs by children less than 16 years of age, use of protective gear for the head and eyes, prohibition of nighttime driving, prohibition of driving with a passenger, and penalties for concurrent use of alcohol.The future of injury prevention lies in effective analysis of behavioral risks, injury mechanisms, and trends in morbidity and mortality[22]. In addition, careful analysis of safety education and training programs may provide insight as to the effectiveness of such interventions and the need for mandated safety regulations.     

Pattern of injury in fatal road traffic accidents in a rural area of western Maharashtra,India

Background

Fatal road traffic accidents (RTA) are a major cause of concern all over the world. The outcome of injuries sustained in an RTA depends on various factors including but not limited to: the location of the event, type of vehicle involved, nature of the roads, the time of accident, etc.

Aims

This study aims to investigate and evaluate prospectively the socio-demographic profile and pattern of injuries in victims of RTA in the rural area of the Ahmedanagar district of Maharashtra state.

Method

This prospective study included all victims of RTA that presented to our emergency room from 1 June 2007 to 31 May 2009 and were either found dead on arrival or died during treatment. All the victims were autopsied at the post-mortem centre of Rural Medical College, Loni.

Results

Ninety-eight RTA victims were studied during the period. The most commonly affected age group was 20-39 years. Men died in RTA more than women. Fatal RTA were more prevalent on the secondary road system (47.97 per cent) and especially involved pedestrian and two wheeler vehicle users. Large numbers (n=63, 64.28%) of victims either died on the scene or during transportation. Numbers of skeletal injuries (199) and internal organ injuries (202) exceeded the total number of victims (98) clearly indicating the multiplicity of injuries. The majority of RTA victims (n=46, 46.93%) died due to head injury. The study showed that most deaths in RTA, brought to a tertiary care rural hospital, took place either on the spot or within 24 hours of injury which is very alarming and highlights the need to take urgent steps to establish good pre-hospital care and provision of trauma services at site.

Conclusion

A computerised trauma registry is urgently needed to highlight risk factors, circumstances and chains of events leading to accidents. This would be extremely helpful in policy making and health management in India.     

Fluorocarbon nanoparticles as multifunctional drug delivery vehicles

The history and current status of fluorocarbon nanoparticles in biomedicine is briefly reviewed. The deficiencies of current fluorocarbon nanoparticle formulations are highlighted. Strategies to remedy such deficiencies and to functionalize fluorocarbon nanoparticles are presented. Potential applications of fluorocarbon nanoparticles as multifunctional drug delivery vehicles are discussed. The strength of fluorocarbon nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles is that they integrate drug delivery with non-invasive MR imaging so that the biodistribution of the pharmaceutical entity (drug+delivery vehicle) can be monitored in real time. This, in turn, permits the physician to adjust treatment plan for each patient based on his/her actual response to the ongoing treatment.     

矩阵式太阳辐照模拟实验系统的设计与研制

目的 设计研制矩阵式太阳辐照模拟实验系统,用于开展装甲车辆舱室热舒适性测试、评价与控制技术研究.方法 以氙灯作为光源,设计可升降的矩阵式灯阵,结合计算机自动控制功能,实现整车的太阳辐照模拟.结果 系统可对装甲车辆顶面和左、右侧面进行辐照,辐照度在200~1200 W/m2范围内可连续变化,辐照面积和工作高度可根据车型大小和高低进行调整.结论 该系统可满足不同型号装甲车辆的太阳辐照模拟实验,为开展装甲车辆舱室热环境相关研究奠定了实验基础.     

Real-time computation of feedback controls for constrained optimal control problems. part 2: A correction method based on multiple shooting

On the basis of Part 1 of this paper, a numerical method is developed for the real-time computation of neighbouring optimal feedback controls for constrained optimal control problems. We use the idea of multiple shooting to develop a numerical method which has the following properties: 1. The method is applicable to optimal control problems with constraints (differential equations, boundary conditions, inequality constraints, problems with discontinuities, etc.). 2. The control variables and the switching points are computed for the remaining time interval of the process. 3. All constraints are checked. 4. The method is appropriate for real-time computations on onboard computers of space vehicles. 5. The scheme is robust in that controllable deviations from a precalculated flight path are much larger than deviations typical for perturbations occuring in space vehicles. The re-entry of a space vehicle is investigated as an example. One problem contains a control variable inequality constraint with a large variety of different switching structures, including problems with a corner. A second problem contains a state variable inequality constraint with one or two boundary points or one boundary arc. The different switching structures depend on the tightness of the constraints.     

航天员任务分析

为在航天总目标前提下，具体规定航天员应完成的任务，从航天器与人的关系，人的重要性和安全性角度阐述了人在航天任务中的作用，提出了确定航天员任务的原则和任务分析步骤，并在此基础上分析了航天员在飞行中进行航天器系统和设备运行管理，运行程度和时序的监督、姿态和导航的监督控制、通信管理、飞行中的监督与保证、载荷试验与管理以及交会，对接和出舱活动等任务的内容。     

无锡市药品检测车运行经验及体会

目的 为进一步提高全省药品检测车的运行效率提供参考.方法 介绍了无锡市药品检测车运行的基本情况、经验及体会.结果 药品检测车的运行改进了药品检测手段,提高了药品监督工作效率.结论 今后应进一步加大筛查力度,扩大抽验覆盖面,提高抽验的靶向性.     

Cost Effectiveness of Wearing Head Protection on All-Terrain Vehicles

ABSTRACT

The use of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) has increased in the United States and elsewhere over the last three decades, along with an increased frequency of incidents resulting in serious injuries, among which have been head injuries. ATVs are designed for motorized off-highway work and recreation, can weigh up to 600 lbs (272 kg), and may reach speeds as high as 75 mph (120 km/h). ATV crashes, including collisions and overturns, were responsible for 8104 fatalities from 1982 to 2006. One third of those killed were youth under 16 years of age. Helmets may reduce risk of death by 42% and nonfatal injury by 64%. In this study, a decision analysis was applied to determine the potential reduction in the rate of fatal and nonfatal head injuries associated with crashes, based upon the universal wearing of head protection while riding on ATVs. In addition, based upon this reduction in injury rate, a cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to determine the savings per injury averted among ATV riders with head protection. The authors found that 238 head injuries, including 2 fatalities per 100,000 ATV drivers with an average of 145 hours of annual operation, could be averted by the universal wearing of head protection while riding on ATVs. Taking into account the social direct and indirect costs of fatal and nonfatal head injuries at a 5% discount rate, US$364,306 could be saved per injury averted over a 50-year period if there were universal wearing of head protection by ATV drivers. If the exposure is adjusted to 2000 hours per year for an equivalent work year, 3276 head injuries could be averted including 23 fatalities per 100,000 at a social cost savings of US$509,172.     

病区抢救车药品管理情况的调查分析与改进建议

目的探索医院抢救车的合理化和安全化管理方法,并加强对高危药品的认知度,保证用药安全性。方法通过药师对病区抢救车的检查,并随机发放调查问卷,统计分析病区抢救车所存在的问题和安全隐患。结果病区抢救车主要存在效期管理意识缺乏、批号混乱并且未按照效期先后顺序摆放、药品标签字迹模糊不清、护士对抢救车内高危药品认知度缺乏等问题。结论医院应当药护相结合,持续改进抢救车的管理模式,建立相应的管理组织、制定管理制度、明确管理职责。