磁共振扩散加权成像对人脑正常ADCav值的测量及定量分析

目的:对不同年龄组正常人脑进行水分子扩散加权成像,探讨年龄因素对正常人脑白质及灰质核团ADCav值的影响,为进一步研究放射性脑损伤提供不同年龄段ADCav正常值范围。方法:研究样本60例,分为<60岁和≥60岁两个年龄组,进行脑水分子扩散加权成像,并分别测量额叶和枕叶白质ADC值作为皮质下白质的代表,测量丘脑ADC值作为灰质团块的代表。结果:年龄<60岁组脑白质的ADCav值为(0.70±0.07)×10-3mm2/s,丘脑的ADCav值为(0.83±0.08)×10-3mm2/s;年龄≥60岁组脑白质的ADCav值为(0.73±0.10)×10-3mm2/s,丘脑的ADCav值为(0.84±0.06)×10-3mm2/s。两年龄组脑白质间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),丘脑间无统计学意义,白质和丘脑间有显著性差异(P<0.001)。结论:①伴随年龄的增长,正常脑白质ADC值呈现微弱的增长趋势,尤其是60岁以上老年人ADC值的增长趋势更为明显;②定量的ADC值分析对疾病的早期诊断及检测病变的发生、发展都有重要的意义;③临床研究中在对照样本的选取上应注意年龄因素的影响,本研究所得数据可作为进一步研究的正常参考值。     

Prognostic index to identify patients who may not benefit from whole brain radiotherapy for multiple brain metastases from lung cancer

Palliative whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is often recommended in the management of multiple brain metastases. Allowing for WBRT waiting time, duration of the WBRT course and time to clinical response, it may take 6 weeks from the point of initial assessment for a benefit from WBRT to manifest. Patients who die within 6 weeks (‘early death’) may not benefit from WBRT and may instead experience a decline in quality of life. This study aimed to develop a prognostic index (PI) that identifies the subset of patients with lung cancer with multiple brain metastases who may not benefit from WBRT because of ‘early death’. The medical records of patients with lung cancer who had WBRT recommended for multiple brain metastases over a 10-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified as either having died within 6 weeks or having lived beyond 6 weeks. Potential prognostic indicators were evaluated for correlation with ‘early death’. A PI was constructed by modelling the survival classification to determine the contribution of these factors towards shortened survival. Of the 275 patients recommended WBRT, 64 (23.22%) died within 6 weeks. The main prognostic factor predicting early death was Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status >2. Patients with a high PI score (>13) were at higher risk of ‘early death’. Twenty-three per cent of patients died prior to benefit from WBRT. ECOG status was the most predictive for ‘early death’. Other factors may also contribute towards a poor outcome. With further refinement and validation, the PI could be a valuable clinical decision tool.     

应用力学因素检测膝关节功能的实验研究

目的研究应用力学因素检测膝关节功能方法的有效性.方法利用测力平台测量得到人体下肢在运动过程中的力学曲线,用数学方法确定力学曲线的最大值F和曲线特征值R.结果给出51例骨关节炎患者的分析数据,并给出30例正常人的结果作为对照.结论应用力学因素可以有效地检测膝关节功能状态.     

医疗设备投资决策的敏感性分析研究

不恰当的医疗设备投资对医院及患者的利益均会造成损失，因此，在投资决策前进行严谨科学地可行性评估十分必要。通过对净现值的敏感性分析，医院的决策者可以了解各种不确定因素对投资方案经济效果的影响程度，以及投资方案对外部条件变化的承受能力，从而掌握风险条件下正确的决策原则和决策方法。     

Establishing the Cost-Effectiveness of New Pharmaceuticals under Conditions of Uncertainty—When Is There Sufficient Evidence?

Decisions about which health-care interventions represent adequate value to collectively funded health-care systems are as widespread as they are unavoidable. In the case of new pharmaceuticals, many countries now require formal cost-effectiveness analysis to inform this decision-making process. This requires evidence on parameters associated with health-related utilities, treatment effects, resource use, and costs, for which data from available regulatory trials are invariably absent or highly uncertain. This uncertainty results from a number of factors including the predominance of intermediate end points in the clinical evidence-base and the limited period of follow-up of patients in clinical studies. Despite these imperfections in the evidence base, decisions about whether new pharmaceuticals are sufficiently cost-effective for reimbursement cannot be side-stepped. Data limitations do, however, require the use of rigorous analytical methods to support decision making. Probabilistic decision models and value of information analysis offer a means of structuring decision problems, synthesizing all available data, characterizing the uncertainty in the decision, quantifying the cost of uncertainty, and establishing the expected value of perfect information. This analytical framework is important because it addresses two fundamental questions about new pharmaceuticals. First, is the product expected to be cost-effective on the basis of existing evidence? Second, is additional research concerning the product itself cost-effective? In addressing these questions, the analytical framework can establish when sufficient evidence exists to sustain a claim for a new pharmaceutical to be cost-effective.     

肝脏扩散加权成像方法研究

目的探讨肝脏扩散加权成像(DWI)的方法。资料与方法将头部DWI序列的参数修正后用于肝脏成像,并以此序列对机器校准纯水水模对32名正常人行b值为0~1000s/mm2的DWI,测量纯水的表观扩散系数(ADC)值与正常人肝脏信号强度的ADC值。结果纯水ADC值约为2.30×10-3mm2/s。对于正常人,随b值增大肝脏信号强度与ADC值降低,存在负相关性(信号强度与ADC值的相关性分别为r=-0.903,P=0.00;r=-0.795,P=0.00);b值为50~250s/mm2时得到的ADC值与变异程度均偏大;b值为300~1000s/mm2,ADC值变得稳定,变异性减小;但b值为1000s/mm2时,肝脏信号强度减低,解剖结构显示不清。结论本研究所用的肝脏DWI方法能准确反映水分子的扩散状态,用b值300~800s/mm2范围,能得到清晰的DWI图像与稳定的ADC值。     

正常腹部实质脏器磁共振弥散加权成像ADC值和b值研究

目的:探讨PHILIPSGyroscanIntera1.5TMRI成像仪正常腹部实质脏器表观弥散系数(ADC)值范围并研究适合本扫描仪腹部弥散加权成像的最佳b值。材料和方法:对30例健康志愿者行磁共振弥散加权成像。在ADC图上直接测量ADC值。结果:所有检查均一次成功得到弥散加权成像(DWI)和ADC图。正常肝脏、胰腺、肾脏、脾脏在b值分别为300、1000、1500s/mm2时的ADC值分别为(10-3mm2/s)1.520±0.169、1.937±0.370、2.632±0.258、1.163±0.188,1.200±0.132、1.484±0.272、2.016±0.178、0.840±0.117,1.068±0.118、1.321±0.149、1.659±0.169、0.747±0.102。不同b值时同一脏器ADC值有统计学差异;四种实质性脏器在同一b值时ADC值有统计学差异。结论:正常腹部不同脏器的ADC值有明显差异。腹部弥散加权成像的b值为300s/mm2和1000s/mm2时,DWI和ADC图像可以互相补充。