心力衰竭患者6 949例在院30 d病死率危险因素分析

目的:虽然心力衰竭（心衰）的治疗有了很大的进步，但心衰住院患者的在院病死率仍然很高。本项研究主要是调查影响心衰住院患者30 d在院病死率的独立危险因素。方法: 选择1993年1月1日～2007年12月31日15年间心衰住院患者6 949 (男4 344，女2 605)例，用Cox风险模型统计心衰住院患者在院病死率的独立危险因素。结果: 对心衰住院患者在院病死率有显著影响的因素是:老龄 ［HR 1.030，95%CI (1.021-1.039) P=0.000］；疾病包括冠心病、肺心病、心肌梗死、肺炎、脑血管病、消化道出血和肝硬化（P=0.000）,心肌病(P=0.006)、瓣膜性心脏病(P=0.025)、慢性阻塞型肺病(P=0.032)。Kaplan-Meier生成曲线显示共患疾病数目越多，死亡概率越大(HR 1.04, 95%CI 0.74-1.47 到HR 2.88， 95%CI 2.19-3.80,P<0.01)；本研究时段(1998-2002 vs. 1993-1997,HR 0.71 95%CI 0.55-0.93,P<0.05)；(2003-2007 vs. 1993-1997,HR 0.59 95%CI 0.46-0.76,P<0.01)。结论: 老龄、并发疾病、时段是影响心衰住院患者30 d在院病死率的独立危险因素。     

“Inoculation” as a Third Paradigm of Mental Health Promotion

Currently, two paradigms of mental health promotion are widely accepted; the ‘prevention’ and the “well-being” paradigms. This article discusses the position of the ‘Inoculation’ postulation in mental health promotion. Utilising Meichenbaum's stress inoculation training (SIT) model as an example of the paradigm, the limited reference to inoculation’ within mental health promotion literature is questioned and discussed. It is suggested that the inoculation paradigm is different from the ‘prevention’ and the “well-being” paradigms, both in its theoretical assumptions and its practical approach to mental health promotion; although various ‘prevention”’programs demonstrates that with little, and in some cases, no change such programs could be labelled as possessing an inoculation component. The paper argues for an analysis of the relevance of physical immunization assumptions for inoculation against mental health problems and after outlining a review of past and present trials in conducting physiological inoculation proposes that the inoculation paradigm requires serious and intensive consideration as a possible strategy for improved mental health promotion.     

从“筋骨、痹痿、虚实、动静、刚柔”谈膝骨关节炎功能障碍的特点

膝骨关节炎(KOA)属于进展性骨关节病,其功能障碍主要表现为膝关节疼痛、僵硬、屈伸行走不利或受限,以及关节失稳、运动控制下降和本体感觉低下等。我国KOA患者众多,且还在逐年增加,引起的功能障碍严重影响着患者健康与生活质量,因此对其开展康复的研究与实践至关重要。中医康复着眼于功能,注重辨证康复,是我国康复医学的固有特色及优势。前期的研究基于KOA功能障碍的中医证候表现,本研究经大量文献梳理及多年临床实践,从“筋骨、痹痿、虚实、动静、刚柔”5个角度为切入点,提出KOA功能障碍具有“筋骨同病、痹痿并见、虚实错杂、动静失衡、刚柔失常”5个基本特点。鉴于KOA功能障碍具有早、中、晚三期的阶段性特点,在该病发生发展的不同阶段,其功能障碍在“筋骨、痹痿、虚实、动静、刚柔”之间的表现又各有所侧重。本研究从“筋骨同病、痹痿并见、虚实错杂、动静失衡、刚柔失常”5个方面分别阐释了KOA功能障碍的特点:“筋骨同病”侧重于病位,是KOA所致功能障碍的基本病机特征,贯穿于其发病的始终;“痹痿并见、虚实错杂”偏重病性,是KOA功能障碍的基本特点;“动静失衡”偏重病因,是引起KOA病情反复及加重的重要因素;“刚柔失常”则是兼具病状与病因,是膝关节失去“骨正筋柔”的表现方式,也是KOA功能障碍的重要特征。本研究旨在进一步完善KOA的中医康复理论,为其康复治疗提供参考。     

Cardiac Transitional Care Effectiveness: Does Overall Comorbidity Burden Matter?

BackgroundCardiovascular disease is the most common cause of mortality and hospitalization in the United States. Transitional care initiatives can improve outcomes for cardiac patients, but it is unclear whether patients with different baseline comorbidity burden benefit equally. We evaluated the effectiveness of the Bridging the Discharge Gap Effectively (BRIDGE) program, a nurse-practitioner-led transitional care clinic, in mitigating adverse clinical outcomes in cardiac patients with varying Charlson comorbidity index (CCI).MethodsWe studied patients referred to BRIDGE between 2008 and 2017 postdischarge for a cardiac condition. Using proportional hazards regression models, we evaluated associations between attendance at BRIDGE and hospital readmission, emergency department (ED) visit, and a composite outcome consisting of readmission, ED visit, or mortality, and assessed interaction between BRIDGE attendance and CCI.ResultsOf 4559 patients, 3256 (71.4%) attended BRIDGE. In patients with low CCI, attendance at BRIDGE was inversely associated with hospital readmission (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69, 0.97, P = .02) and the composite endpoint (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.98, P = .02). Associations of BRIDGE attendance with both readmission and ED visit were significantly weaker in patients with high CCI (adjusted P, interaction = .007 and .03, respectively). Overall, BRIDGE attendance was associated with an 11% lower hazard of developing the composite endpoint (95% CI: 2%, 19%, P = .01).ConclusionsAttendance at a transitional care clinic is inversely associated with risk of readmission and a composite endpoint in cardiac patients with low CCI. Future research should investigate modified transitional care programs in patients with varying comorbidity burden.