鼻塞持续正压通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的效果观察及护理

目的观察鼻塞持续正压通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）的效果及总结护理要点。方法将66例NRDS新生儿随机分为对照组与观察组。对照组予头罩吸氧和常规治疗;观察组在常规治疗基础上,给予鼻塞持续正压通气治疗,观察二组肺氧合功能的改变。对两组患儿住院天数、用氧天数和吸入氧体积分数（FiO2）进行比较。结果观察组经鼻塞持续正压通气治疗后Pa（O2）和动脉血氧分压／肺泡氧分压比值[a／Ap（O2）]较对照组明显增高,而氧合指数（Oi）较对照组明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。观察组住院天数、用氧天数和吸入氧体积分数（FiO2）均明显短于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论鼻塞持续正压通气能明显改善NRDS新生儿的氧合功能,能迅速纠正患儿低氧血症,快速改善患儿症状,缩短用氧时间和住院天数,减少并发症的发生,提高患儿的存活率。护理人员应严格执行规范操作,做好患儿的日常护理,提高治疗效率。     

B7-H3 expression in upper tract urothelial carcinoma associates with adverse clinicopathological features and poor survival

B7-H3, a member of the B7 superfamily, is an immune checkpoint molecule. An association between B7-H3 expression and poor survival has been reported in many types of cancer. However, its prognostic value in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical significance of tumor B7-H3 expression in UTUC. B7-H3 positivity was observed in 36 of 271 cases (13 %) by immunohistochemistry and was significantly associated with several adverse clinicopathological features such as tumor grade, tumor stage, and lymph node metastasis. In addition, B7-H3 positivity was significantly associated with shorter metastasis-free survival and cancer-specific survival. We also found that B7-H3/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) co-positivity was significantly associated with worse prognosis. These results suggest the utility of B7-H3 positivity and B7-H3/PD-L1 co-positivity as novel prognostic biomarkers in UTUC, and the potential usefulness of B7-H3 targeted therapy for patients with UTUC, the effect of which may be enhanced by combination with programmed cell death-1 /PD-L1 blockade.     

内镜辅助下经口径路咽旁间隙的解剖

目的 探讨内镜辅助下经口径路咽旁间隙的解剖结构,了解该径路重要的解剖标志及颈内动脉、颈内静脉及后组颅神经等解剖结构的毗邻关系,为内镜辅助下经口径路切除咽旁间隙肿瘤提供解剖学依据。方法 在内镜辅助下对新鲜尸头标本5例(共10侧)行经口径路咽旁间隙解剖。结果 茎突前间隙以咽上缩肌及翼内肌作为解剖标志,茎突咽肌、茎突舌肌是茎突前间隙的后界也是进入茎突后间隙的标志,重要的血管及后组颅神经（舌咽神经、迷走神经、副神经、舌下神经）位于茎突后间隙。以茎突尖端为标志测量距舌咽神经、舌下神经及迷走神经的水平距离分别为（3.05±0.08）mm（2.94～3.14 mm）、(2.94±0.04）mm（2.44～2.56 mm）、（1.50±0.03）mm（1.46～1.56 mm）;以茎突咽肌为标志进行测量,距舌下神经及迷走神经的水平距离分别为;（3.00±0.03）mm（2.96～3.04 mm）、（5.99±0.03）mm（5.94～6.04 mm）,而舌咽神经基本紧贴该肌内侧面。副神经的走行距离茎突及茎突咽肌较远,经口手术径路几乎不会碰到。结论 内镜辅助下经口径路可较好的暴露咽旁间隙结构,咽上缩肌、翼内肌、茎突咽肌、茎突舌肌是重要的解剖标志。     

Incorporation of molecular characteristics into endometrial cancer management

Histopathological evaluation including subtyping and grading is the current cornerstone for endometrial cancer (EC) classification. This provides clinicians with prognostic information and input for further treatment recommendations. Nonetheless, patients with histologically similar ECs may have very different outcomes, notably in patients with high-grade endometrial carcinomas. For endometrial cancer, four molecular subgroups have undergone extensive studies in recent years: POLE ultramutated (POLEmut), mismatch repair-deficient (MMRd), p53 mutant (p53abn) and those EC lacking any of these alterations, referred to as NSMP (non-specific molecular profile). Several large studies confirm the prognostic relevance of these molecular subgroups. However, this ‘histomolecular’ approach has so far not been implemented in clinical routine. The ongoing PORTEC4a trial is the first clinical setting in which the added value of integrating molecular parameters in adjuvant treatment decisions will be determined. For diagnostics, the incorporation of the molecular parameters in EC classification will add a level of objectivity which will yield biologically more homogeneous subclasses. Here we illustrate how the management of individual EC patients may be impacted when applying the molecular EC classification. We describe our current approach to the integrated diagnoses of EC with a focus on scenarios with conflicting morphological and molecular findings. We also address several pitfalls accompanying the diagnostic implementation of molecular EC classification and give practical suggestions for diagnostic scenarios.     

肺内液黏度和表面张力测量的临床意义与测量方法

肺内液主要指由气道黏液和肺泡内表面衬里液所形成的一连续液体薄层,对于维持肺的健康至关重要。介绍肺内液流变学特性在维持气道稳定性、保证肺正常的屏障与清除功能、避免呼吸机相关性肺损伤和新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征表面活性剂替代治疗等方面的临床意义,同时总结Langmuir-Wilhelmy天平法、捕获气泡法、毛细管黏度计和旋转黏度计等液体表面张力和黏度测量的经典方法,以及粒子追踪微流变仪、轴对称液滴边缘形状分析等新技术,比较这些方法的优缺点,为临床研究肺内液流变学特性辅助肺疾病的诊断和治疗提供重要参考。     

肝硬化患者上消化道出血与血脂水平相关性分析

目的分析肝硬化患者上消化道出血与血脂水平的相关性。方法选取2017年7月至2019年6月126例肝硬化合并上消化道出血患者作为病例组,选取同期100例未发生上消化道出血的肝硬化患者作为对照组。收集患者一般资料,并测定三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1(ApoA1)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB)、载脂蛋白E(ApoE)。进行单因素分析、Spearman秩相关分析、Logistics回归分析,并作ROC曲线。结果病例组患者的TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、ApoA1、ApoB、ApoE水平均低于对照组(P<0.05)。Spearman秩相关分析显示,TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、ApoA1、ApoB水平与上消化道出血呈负相关(P<0.05),TG、ApoE水平与上消化道出血无显著相关性(P>0.05)。Logistics回归分析显示,TC、LDL-C低水平是上消化道出血的危险因素。LDL-C作为上消化道出血预测因子的准确性高于TC,当LDL-C水平低于2.565 mmol/L时(AUC=0.861,灵敏度82%,特异性73%),及TC水平低于3.995 mmol/L时(AUC=0.736,灵敏度75%,特异性64%),上消化道出血风险明显增加。结论血脂代谢异常与肝硬化患者上消化道出血密切相关,TC、LDL-C低水平是上消化道出血的危险因素,当LDL-C水平低于2.565 mmol/L、TC水平低于3.995 mmol/L时,上消化道出血风险明显增加。     

无症状成人颈椎间隙高度随年龄变化的相关研究

目的 研究无症状成人颈椎侧位X线片上颈椎间隙高度随年龄变化的规律。方法 选取2011年与2017年在本院常规体检的无颈椎症状成人100例,按照初次检查时年龄分为3组:组1共19例(20～39岁),组2共64例(40～59岁),组3共17例(60岁及以上),分别在2011年与2017进行标准颈椎侧位X线片检查。测量C2-3、C3-4、C4-5、C5-6、C6-7、C7-T1节段颈椎间隙的前缘、中点及后缘高度。分析比较不同年龄组各节段颈椎间隙高度在两次检查结果之间的差异。结果 颈椎间隙前缘高度:仅组3中C4-5、C5-6、C6-7节段两次检查结果之间比较,差异有统计学意义(0.05);其余比较差异无统计学意义(0.05)。中点高度:组2中C5-6节段及组3中C3-4、C4-5、C5-6、C6-7节段两次检查结果之间比较,差异有统计学意义(0.05);其余比较差异无统计学意义(0.05)。后缘高度:组2中C4-5、C5-6、C6-7节段及组3中所有节段两次检查结果之间比较,差异有统计学意义(0.05);其余比较差异无统计学意义(0.05)。结论 成人在40岁以后颈椎间隙高度开始随年龄增长而下降,60岁以后下降更加明显,且椎间隙后缘较前缘和中点更易出现高度下降。