Human protamines and the developing spermatid：their structure, function, expression and relationship with male infertility

During spermiogenesis, the protamine proteins play an integral role in spennatid chromatin compaction.Recent research has focused on many facets of protamine biology, including protamine gene and protein structure/function relationships, mechanisms of protamine expression regulation and involvement of the protamines in male fertility. In this paper, we review our current understanding of the structure and function of the protamine-1 (P1) and protamine-2 (P2) proteins and genes, the expression and regulation of these genes and the relationship between the protamines and male fertility. In addition, we offer a brief outlook on future investigation into protamine proteins.     

海藻酸钠地塞米松凝胶圆窗给药后外淋巴液中地塞米松浓度的变化

目的 分析海藻酸钠地塞米松凝胶(Alg-Dex凝胶)经圆窗给药后地塞米松在外淋巴液中的浓度变化.方法 健康豚鼠30只随机分成5组,每组6只,于每只豚鼠单侧(右耳)经圆窗给海藻酸钠地塞米松凝胶(45 mg/ml)20 μl后的1、2、3、4、5天分别用高压液相色谱仪分析外淋巴液中的地塞米松浓度.结果 在Alg-Dex凝胶给药后1、2、3、4、5天在外淋巴液中均能检测到地塞米松,浓度分别为0.49±0.06、1.32±0.28、0.65±0.08、0.66±0.05、0.53±0.17 mg/L,其中第2天浓度最高(1.32±0.28 mg/L),第3～5天药物浓度较稳定,平均浓度为0.61±0.07 mg/L.结论 海藻酸钠能作为地塞米松良好的缓释载体,使其缓慢、持续地经圆窗膜渗透到外淋巴液中.     

术中经蜗窗龛电刺激记录听性脑干反应方法的建立及初步应用

目的 建立人工耳蜗手术中经蜗窗龛电刺激记录听性脑干反应的方法.方法 应用自制铂铱合金球形电极作为刺激电极,改装的人工耳蜗植入体连接体外言语处理器作为电刺激仪及Bio-logic Navigator Pro诱发电位仪,对17例不同病因(包括听神经病2例、耳蜗骨化1例、内耳畸形5例、脑白质异常1例,原因不明8例),不同年龄的人工耳蜗植入患者在手术中进行测试.植入人工耳蜗装置前,将刺激电极放置在蜗窗龛内,用电荷平衡双相脉冲电流经蜗窗龛进行电刺激,记录电诱发听性脑干反应.结果 17例患者均记录到明确的电诱发听性脑干反应波形,Ⅲ波和Ⅴ波的潜伏期分别为(2.12±0.18)ms 和(4.18±0.19)ms,阈值为(220.00±16.04)CL.其中2例听神经病、5例内耳畸形、1例耳蜗骨化、1例脑白质异常患者均记录到分化良好的波形.结论 电诱发听性脑干反应是一项能够较准确地反映听觉传导通路功能完整性的客观神经电生理测试方法,对于判断人工耳蜗植入后患者能否获得听性反应,具有重要的应用价值.本研究方法的安全性符合要求,听性反应的引出率高,值得推广应用.     

Permeability of the labyrinthine windows in guinea pigs

Summary Permeability of the labyrinthine windows in guinea pigs was investigated by electron microscopy using horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In the round window membrane, HRP particles were readily taken up by the epithelial cells and were transported to the subepithelial layer which was regarded as being bathed in the perilymph. The oval window also appears to allow the passage of the macromolecules in view of the HRP-labeled granules in the chondrocytes of the stapediovestibular joint. The transport of the HRP particles from the middle ear to the inner ear was confirmed by the uptake of those in the saccular epithelium after 30–40 min exposure to the tracer.     

Conservative treatment for round worm intestinal obstruction

Objective The ascariasis is one of the most cosmopolitan intestinal parasite infections and it can be in inhospitable regions inhabited by human being, but its biggest prevalence is observed in the tropical and subtropical areas. Intestinal obstruction has been estimated to occur in 2 per 1000 ascaris-infected children per year. We are presenting a study emphasizing the conservative treatment for complete intestinal obstruction due to roundworms without sign and symptom of peritonitis and perforation. Methods A total of 22 patients of roundworm obstruction partial or complete without signs of and symptoms of peritonitis were admitted in the Department of Pediatric Surgery IMS, BHU Varanasi India in the period form 2003 – 2005. Patients were put nil by mouth, intravenous fluid, antibiotics, piperazine salt through nasogastric tube and glycerine + liquid paraffin emulsion enemas and were evaluated for duration of hospital stay, rate of conversion to surgical treatment and complications. Results 19 (86%) patients were treated successfully with conservative line of management. Only 3 patients required surgical intervention. No mortality, complication and mean hospital stay was 4.1 days (range 4 – 5 days). Conclusion Round worm intestinal obstruction can be effectively treated by conservative line of management.     

Perilymphatic Concentration of Gentamicin Administered Intratympanically in Guinea Pigs

Intratympanic gentamicin therapy has recently become popular for Méniè     

白蛋白纳米粒的制备及内耳跨膜给药的初步研究

目的 目前在临床上国内外尚无对内耳病局部用药的缓释剂,本研究旨在探讨能否将白蛋白纳米粒载体材料作为鼓室跨膜给药缓释剂.方法 采用去溶剂化法制备空白白蛋白纳米粒并进行系统表征和细胞毒性评价.为便于观察,选取一种红色荧光染料即罗丹明B（RhB）作为模型药物,以物理吸附方式与空白白蛋白纳米粒结合形成载药白蛋白纳米粒,测定其载药量、包封率及体外药物释放曲线,同时采用小动物活体成像技术观察其注入豚鼠听泡内跨圆窗膜转运扩散情况.结果 制备的白蛋白纳米粒为实心球形,表面光滑,平均粒径大小为476 nm,Zeta电位为15.4 mV.体外药物释放结果表明,该纳米粒具有缓释效果.经戊二醛交联固定的白蛋白纳米粒具有一定的细胞毒性;而经热变性处理的白蛋白纳米粒具有较好的细胞相容性.小动物活体成像实验可以看到RhB在听泡内滞留扩散,而后经解剖观察,证明白蛋白纳米粒可在圆窗膜表面附着并穿越圆窗膜实现跨膜向耳蜗内转运.结论 制备的白蛋白纳米粒结构完整,制备方法简单、无毒性,可以很好地包载药物并具有缓释功能,为进一步制备可注射跨圆窗膜定向缓释纳米凝胶奠定了坚实的基础.     

Characterization of polyethylene wear particle: The impact of methodology

Due to the prevalence of problems caused by wear particles, the reduced durability of total joint replacements is well documented. The characterization of wear debris enables the size and morphology of these wear particles to be measured and provides an assessment of the biological response in vivo. However, the impact of different methodologies of particle analysis is not yet clear. Hence, the aim of this investigation was to analyze the influence of different particle characterization methods performed by three research centers within the scope of a “round robin test”. To obtain knowledge about possible pitfalls, single steps of the particle characterization process (storage, pore size of the filter, coating durations by gold sputtering and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) magnification) were analyzed. The round robin test showed significant differences between the research groups, especially for the morphology of the particles. The SEM magnification was identified as having the greatest influence on the size and shape of the particles, followed by the storage conditions of the wear particle containing lubricant. Gold sputter coating and filter pore size also exhibit significant effects. However, even though they are statistically significant, it should be emphasized that the differences are small. In conclusion, particle characterization is a complex analytical method with a multiplicity of influencing factors. It becomes apparent that a comparison of wear particle results between different research groups is challenging.