The best management of superficial bladder tumours: Comparing TUR alone versus TUR combined with intravesical chemotherapy modalities?

To compare retrospectively the recurrence rates of TUR alone versus different intravesical chemotherapy modalities in superficial bladder cancer cases, 187 patients with stage Ta and T₁ bladder tumours were treated with transurethral resection followed by adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy with mitomycin, BCG or epirubicin or by transurethral resection alone. All patients in this study had historically proven transurethrally resectable primary, category Ta and T₁ transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. Group I included transurethral resection alone, and the other groups included intravesical mitomycin-C(Group II), BCG (Group III) and epirubicin (Group IV) therapies after transurethral resection. 146 male and 41 female patients (78% male and 22% female patients) in this study were diagnosed as primary TCC bladder tumours. Only 52 of them were stage Ta and 135 of them were stage T₁ bladder tumours. Examining the histological grade of the bladder tumours, 88 (47%) of the patients had grade I, 53 (28%) had grade IIa, 30 (16%) had grade IIb and remaining 16 (9%) had grade III bladder cancers. The recurrence rates were 25% for Group I, 23.8% for Group II, 26.2% for Group III and 22.7% for Group IV. These values were given with disregarding the grade and volume of the bladder tumours. For solitary, less than 3 cm low grade tumours (grade I, IIa) recurrence rates were 16% for Group I, 15.4% for Group II, 17.8% for Group III, 17.2% for Group IV (p> 0.05). As a result of this retrospective study, for patients with low grade, stage Ta and T₁ tumours TUR alone may be the best treatment modality. Although intravesical chemotherapy is effective in decreasing short-term incidences of tumour recurrence, it has not decreased long-term incidences of tumour recurrence. The high cost and adverse side effects of intravesical chemotherapy should also be taken into consideration in superficial, single, low grade tumours of bladder. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小儿先天性左向右分流型心脏病的介入治疗

目的　评价应用Amplatzer封堵器进行介入治疗小儿先天性心脏病的效果、安全性。方法　超声心动图确诊的动脉导管未闭 (PDA)、房间隔缺损 (ASD)及膜部室间隔缺损 (膜部VSD)患者 4 9例 ,在透视或 /和经胸超声心动图 (TTE)指引下置入Amplatzer封堵器 ,术后 2 4小时 ,1、3、6、12个月及以后每年分别TTE、ECG和X线胸片检查评价治疗效果。结果　 16例ASD球囊测量缺损伸展径为 13～ 2 8(平均 19 3± 4 9)mm ,选择封堵器直径 13～ 30 (平均 2 0 6± 5 1)mm ;2 5例PDA造影测量PDA最窄处直径为 2～ 7 7(平均 3 9± 1 5 )mm ,选择封堵器直径 4～ 12 (平均 6 6± 1 9)mm ;8例膜部VSD造影测量VSD直径 3 4～ 8(平均 4 7± 2 3)mm ,选择封堵器直径 6～ 10 (平均 7 8±1 7)mm。技术成功率为 10 0 % ,术中未发生任何并发症 ,无急诊手术病例。术后即刻造影或TTE显示 10例存在残余分流 ,3个月TTE示所有病例无残余分流和再通 ,心室内径均有不同程度的缩小 ,肺动脉压下降。结论　应用Amplatzer封堵器介入治疗小儿先天性心脏病 ,具有操作简单、安全、损伤小、成功率高等优点 ,适合于儿童继发孔型ASD、各种类型的PDA及膜部VSD的介入治疗     

腺苷对模拟缺血再灌注豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位的影响及其离子机制

目的　研究腺苷 (Ado)在模拟缺血缺氧时对豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位 (AP)、L 型钙电流 (ICa.L)和ATP敏感性钾电流 (IK .ATP)的影响。方法　在离体豚鼠心室肌和酶解法分离的单个豚鼠心室肌细胞上 ,分别应用细胞内微电极和全细胞膜片钳技术记录动作电位和电流。结果　在模拟缺血缺氧状态下 ,Ado剂量依赖性的增大动作电位时程 (APD)的缩短 (P <0 0 5 ) ;抑制再灌注后APD恢复 ,而表现出迟后恢复。在缺血缺氧状态下 ,ICa.L受到抑制 ,Ado并不加重心肌细胞缺血缺氧时ICa.L的减小 ,而再灌注后ICa .L的恢复比较缓慢 ,但同对照组比较无差异。Ado可加速缺血缺氧时IK .ATP的激活 ,Ado(10 0 μmol·L-1)组在缺血缺氧时和再灌注后IK .ATP较对照组均明显增大。结论　在缺血缺氧状态下 ,Ado可增大APD的缩短 ,抑制再灌注后APD的恢复 ,其机制主要在于在缺血缺氧状态下Ado增大了IK .ATP。     

青霉素过滤工艺改进

目的：为了进一步解决青霉素生产过过程中的过滤问题和进一步扩大产量，克服原设备的缺陷。方法：我们采用了目前国内制药企业广泛使用的鼓式过滤机过滤技术及利用热交换器进行热量交换以达到生产工艺的要求同时改进相应工艺。结果：达到降低生产成本、扩大生产产量、加快生产速度，提高生产产率的结果。结论：通过实际生产证明完全符合实际生产的需要。本文就目前青霉素过滤过程中的几个关键环节作简要讨论。     

盐酸小檗碱片剂与胶囊剂体外溶出度考察

目的 对国内6个不同厂家生产的盐酸小柒碱片及胶囊进行了体外溶出度考察。方法 按《中华人民共和国药典》2000年版^[1]溶出度测定法第2法，测定盐酸小檗碱片及胶囊的溶出度，提取参数(T50、Td、m)，并对参数进行相关性研究。结果 除D厂的片剂的溶出度不符合药典规定外，其余4个厂的片剂及F厂的胶囊在45min时的溶出量均大于70％。结论 表明各厂家的产品溶出参数存在显性差异(P＜0．01)。     

胚泡着床不全的实验动物模型

目的　建立胚泡着床不全的实验动物模型及观测指标。方法　妊娠动物皮下注射米非司酮或利洛司酮 ,皮下注射吲哚美辛 (消炎痛 ) ,皮下注射催产素 ,给避孕药酒灌胃 ,宫腔注射纤连蛋白抗体或层粘蛋白抗体 ,皮下注射卵泡刺激素抗血清等。结果　上述方法处理后着床动物明显减少 ,着床位点数减少 ,着床率降低 ,卵巢组织上黄体数目减少 ,血清孕激素水平下降 ,绒毛膜促性腺激素水平降低。结论　上述方法均可选用来建立胚泡着床不全的动物模型     

丙泊酚对N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸所致PC12细胞损伤的保护作用

目的　探讨静脉麻醉药丙泊酚 (PPF)脑保护作用的可能机制。方法　乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)法及MTT比色法判断细胞损伤程度及细胞存活率 ,Fura 2 /AM荧光标记法测定细胞内Ca2 + 浓度 ( [Ca2 + ]i)的变化 ,分光光度法测定细胞一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)活性。结果　N 甲基 D 天冬氨酸 (NMDA) 3 0 0 μmol·L-1处理4h可明显导致PC1 2细胞的损伤 ,表现为LDH释放量明显增加 ,吸光度值A570nm明显降低 ,细胞存活率降低 ,同时 [Ca2 + ]i 和NOS活性则明显增加。PPF6.2 5 ,2 5 ,1 0 0 ,40 0 μmol·L-1与NMDA同时处理PC1 2细胞则使LDH释放量显著降低 ,细胞存活率增加。PPF 1 2 .5和 1 2 5 μmol·L-1可显著降低NMDA诱导的[Ca2 + ]i 水平及NOS活性的提高。结论　PPF对NMDA所致的PC1 2细胞损伤有明显的保护作用 ,其机制可能与其抑制NMDA受体的功能 ,降低 [Ca2 + ]i,减弱Ca2 + 超载 ,并降低NMDA诱导的NOS活性增加有关。提示PPF可能是通过抑制NMDA受体 Ca2 + NOS通路的功能而产生细胞保护效应     

阿苯达唑聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米粒的制备、性质及其组织靶向性研究阿苯达唑聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米粒的制备、性质及其组织靶向性研究

目的制备阿苯达唑聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米粒（albendazole polybutycyanocrylate nanoparticles，ABZ-PBCA-NP）TDDS给药系统，并考察相关特性及组织分布靶向性。方法种子乳化聚合法制备阿苯达唑纳米粒；等温吸附法考察纳米粒载药特性；动态透析法研究4种制剂的体外释药动力学；同位素标记阿苯达唑纳米粒在小鼠脏器组织分布和生物利用度。结果ABZ-PBCA-NP体外释药遵循Higuchi方程，加入PVP制成的载药纳米粒符合双指数函数。纳米粒的载药方式遵循Langmuir吸附方程。小鼠ig ³H-ABZ-PBCA-NP后, 药物的肝、脾中的靶向指数分别为11.4和3.9，阿苯达唑纳米粒和混悬剂相对生物利用度分别为76.0%和36.9%。结论制备纳米粒加入PVP可使药物具吸附性和分散性，纳米粒载体可降低药物与血浆蛋白结合率，增强药物的肝、脾脏器靶向性和延缓释药。     

肝内局部用FMC Seakem HGT Agarose-卡铂合剂的体外释放试验

OBJECTIVETo investigate sustained release tested in vitro FMC SeaKem HGT Agarose-carbplatin mixture for the local intra-live. METHODTo establish the mode of the dissolution rate testing for the drug implanting in the local intra-liver. Improved the Flo     

Genetic Variations in Bone Density, Histomorphometry, and Strength in Mice

The purpose of this study was to assess breed-related differences in bone histomorphometry, bone biomechanics, and serum biochemistry in three mouse breeds shown to differ in bone mineral density (BMD) (as measured by DXA) and bone mineral content (BMC). Femurs, tibiae, and sera were collected from 16-week-old C3H/HeJ {C3H}, C57BL/6J {BL6}, and DBA/2J {DBA}mice (n = 12/breed). Data collected included BMC and BMD (femora), histomorphometry of cancellous (distal femur) and cortical bone (diaphyseal tibiae and femora), bone strength (femora), and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Consistent with previous reports, BMC and BMD were higher in C3H than in BL6 or DBA mice. The higher BMD in the C3H breed was associated with greater cancellous bone volume, cortical bone area, periosteal bone formation rate, biomechanical strength, and serum ALP. However, mid-diaphyseal total femoral and tibial cross-sectional area and moment of inertia were greatest in BL6, intermediate in C3H, and lowest in DBA mice. The specific distribution of cortical bone in C3H, BL6, DBA mice represents a difference in adaptive response to similar mechanical loads in these breeds. This difference in adaptive response may be intrinsic to the adaptive mechanism, or may be intrinsic to the bone tissue material properties. In either case, the bone-adaptive response to ordinary mechanical loads in the BL6 mice yields bones of lower mechanical efficiency (less stiffness per unit mass of bone tissue) and does not adapt as well as that of the C3H mice where the final product is a bone with greater resistance to bending under load. We suggest that the size, shape, and BMD of the bone are a result of breed-specific genetically regulated cellular mechanisms. Compared with the C3H mice, the lower BMD in BL6 mice is associated with long bones that are weaker because the larger cross-sectional area fails to compensate completely for their lower BMD and BMC. Received: 16 November 1999 / Accepted: 19 April 2000 / Online publication: 27 July 2000