Conditioned place preference and locomotor activation produced by injection of psychostimulants into ventral pallidum

The ventral pallidum (VP) is often viewed as an output structure of the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS). However, VP, like NAS, receives a dopaminergic input from the ventral tegmental area. These experiments investigated some behavioral effects of microinjection into VP of drugs which enhance dopaminergic transmission. Injection of 25 μg dopamine or 5–10 μg amphetamine into VP produced hypermotility. In contrast, injection of 12.5–50 μg cocaine initially suppressed, then increased, activity. Injection of 100 μg cocaine only produced hypomotility in the 1-h period examined. The hypomotility following cocaine seemed to be a local anesthetic effect, because it was mimicked by 50–200 μg procaine. Procaine did not, however, produce subsequent hypermotility. Conditioned place preference (CPP) was produced by 10 μg amphetamine and 50 μg cocaine but not 100 μg procaine. We conclude that injection of cocaine into VP, unlike similar injections into NAS, produces CPP. These results support the idea of an involvement of dopamine in VP in reward and locomotor activation, independent of dopamine in NAS. The use of intracerebral injections of cocaine is complicated, however, by an apparent local anesthetic effect of the drug.     

Recovery of ultrastructural changes accompanying caffeine contractures in isolated muscle fibres of the crayfish

Summary Reversible caffeine contractures in isolated muscle fibres of the crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis; m. extensor carpopoditi) are accompanied by swelling of the diadic cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and by constriction of the T-system tubules. The membranes of the tubules may coalesce and form pentalaminar structures. These changes in the diadic region can be found already in fibres fixed 10 s after the sudden introduction of 4 mM or 6 mM caffeine solution. The changes are completely reversible. The recovery period after a 6 mM caffeine contracture lasts 20 min. The restitution of ultrastructural changes induced by caffeine correlates well with the recovery of responsiveness to a repeated application of caffeine. The pretreatment of fibres with procaine prevents both the generation of caffeine contractures and the occurrence of changes in the ultrastructure. No changes or a very slight enlargement of diadic cisternae were found during potassium contractures of comparable size and duration to caffeine contractures. The effect of procaine as well as the restitution of ultrastructural changes after the recovery of responsiveness to caffeine support the view that the cisternal swelling is a direct consequence of the calcium releasing action of caffeine. Isolated swelling of diadic cisternae and the absence of any changes in the remaining parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum during reversible caffeine contractures could point to the existence of functional differentiation of the respective parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The absence of ultrastructural changes during potassium contractures might indicate a different source of the activating calcium for contraction and/or a different mechanism of its release.     

普鲁卡因在静脉（静吸）复合麻醉中所起作用的探讨

本文对普鲁卡因在静脉(静吸)复合麻醉中麻醉作用进行了分析和探讨,对普鲁卡因复合麻醉和非普鲁卡因复合麻醉分两组(各35例)进行了临床观察及麻醉药物用量的对比和统计学处理。结果表明普鲁卡因的使用并未减少其他麻醉药物的用量,其他麻醉药物用量两组无显著性差异(P>0.10)。因此认为普鲁卡因在临床上静脉(静吸)复合麻醉中使用的意义不大。     

普鲁卡因静脉复合麻醉对血高铁血红蛋白含量的影响

本文研究了普鲁卡因静脉复合麻醉对血高铁血红蛋白含量的影响。选择病人15例,气管插管后静滴2％普鲁卡因加0.04％哌替啶加0.08％琥珀胆碱维持麻醉,第1h静滴普鲁卡因150ml,第2h静滴100ml,分别于静滴前、静滴后1h、2h抽血查高铁血红蛋白含量,结果表明静滴普鲁卡因后1h、2h血中高铁血红蛋白显著增高。     

Procaine Enhancement of the Rapid Cooling Contracture and Inhibition of the Decay of Potentiated State in Rabbit Papillary Muscle

We tested the possibility that inhibition of Ca²⁺release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum decreases the transsarcolemmal Ca²⁺efflux and results in an increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺content. We used procaine to inhibit sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺release in rabbit papillary muscles. Rapid cooling-induced contractures were used as an index of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺content. Decay of potentiated state was measured to study whether the transsarcolemmal Ca²⁺efflux is decreased in the presence of procaine. Procaine (0.5, 1.0 m ) inhibited contractions elicited by electrical stimulation and enhanced the rapid cooling-induced contracture. The initial decay of potentiated state that occurs when the muscle was stimulated at a low frequency was slowed in the presence of procaine. These results suggest that procaine inhibition of Ca²⁺-induced release of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺decreases the transsarcolemmal Ca²⁺efflux relative to the influx, resulting in an increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺content.     

普鲁卡因和利多卡因镇痛作用的比较

本实验旨地探讨普钽卡因和利多卡因在静脉复合麻醉作用中的价值。作者用热板法进行了镇痛作用的比较。结果提示，普鲁卡因仅有微弱的镇痛作用，而利多卡因的镇痛作用较强，故利多卡因作为静脉复合的麻醉的配伍药之一，优于普鲁卡因。     

Effects of increasing the magnitude of an alternative reinforcer on drug choice in a discrete-trials choice procedure

Rhesus monkeys were trained in a discretetrials choice procedure and allowed to choose between food delivery (1–16 pellets; 1 g/pellet) and intravenous injections of cocaine (0.03–0.56 mg/kg/injection;N=4) or procaine (1.0–10 mg/kg/injection;N=4) during daily 3-h sessions. Injections were available as the alternative to food. When the amount of food available as the alternative to drug was held constant and dose of drug was varied, the frequency of drug choice and total drug intake increased in a dose-related fashion for both cocaine and procaine. For both drugs, when the amount of food available as the alternative to drug was increased and the dose of the drug was held constant, the frequency of drug choice and total drug intake decreased. Thus, increases in the magnitude of an alternative non-drug reinforcer decreased cocaine and procaine self-administration. Further, the results suggest that while increasing the magnitude of the alternative reinforcer decreased the potency of cocaine as a positive reinforcer, the reinforcing efficacy of procaine was decreased. Because drug use by humans typically occurs in a context in which other reinforcers are available, the present results are consistent with the hypothesis that drug self-administration by humans can be decreased by increasing the value of alternative positive reinforcers. In addition, these results suggest that the extent to which drug self-administration is sensitive to this manipulation varies across drugs.     

复方盐酸普鲁卡因注射液的分光光度法测定

复方盐酸普鲁卡因注射液是盐酸普鲁卡因和对氨基苯甲酸为主要成份的注射剂,用重氮化法必须分离后进行测定。作者选用pH7.50和pH2.90缓冲液控制盐酸普鲁卡因的水解,拟定出不经分离直接测定复方注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因和对氨基苯甲酸含量的方法。     

Protection effects of procaine on oxidative stress and toxicities of renal cortical slices from rats caused by cisplatin in vitro

Incubation of rat renal cortical slices with 2 mM cisplatin (CDDP) at 37 C for different periods of time (15–180 min) increased malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, decreased intracellular glutathione (GSH), and inhibited gluconeogenesis in the slices. CDDP-induced MDA formation increased by 53% after 180 min of incubation and GSH decreased by 35% after 60 min of incubation. Both depletion of GSH and inhibition of gluconeogenesis preceded MDA formation. Procaine (2 mM) completely inhibited CDDP-induced lipid peroxidation without affecting depletion of GSH, but even potentiated gluconeogenesis inhibition, while 2 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) largely reversed all of these biochemical indices. After 240 min of incubation, 2 mM CDDP produced marked cytotoxicities, characterized by an increase in leakage of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (132%), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (115%) and N-acetyl--glucosaminidase (NAG) (157%), decrease in intracellular K+ (64%), and change in total water contents in the slices. Procaine (2 mM) showed protection against CDDP-induced cytotoxicities to a certain extent. These results suggest that depletion of GSH might be a determinant step in the oxidative stress and subsequent cytotoxicity, and that procaine is a powerful antioxidant and would be a promising drug for ameliorating some of the adverse effects of CDDP.