Effects of transdermal hormone replacement therapy on levels of soluble P- and E-selectin in postmenopausal healthy women

OBJECTIVE: To study the adhesion molecule pattern in postmenopausal women who were not receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT), HRT users, and fertile women. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. PATIENT(S): Fifty healthy naturally postmenopausal women and 20 fertile women. INTERVENTION(S): Twenty-six women received no HRT and 24 received continuous transdermal 17 beta-estradiol, 0.05 mg/d, plus oral acetate nomegestrol, 5 mg/d. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Levels of the soluble forms of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, and P-selectin. RESULT(S): Women who did not received HRT showed a trend toward higher levels of soluble E-selectin and had significantly higher levels of soluble P-selectin than did fertile women. Levels of soluble E-selectin and soluble P-selectin were significantly lower in HRT users than in nonusers. Levels of VCAM-1 levels were significantly higher in HRT users than in fertile women, but no significant differences in CAM concentrations were found between the other groups. CONCLUSION(S): Menopause may lead to increased levels of soluble E- and soluble P-selectin, whereas long-term HRT is associated with lower selectin concentrations. This suggests that HRT may have a beneficial effect on endothelial function.     

Effect of nitric oxide modulation on systemic haemodynamics and platelet activation determined by P-selectin expression

Inhibiting platelet and endothelial nitric oxide production favours platelet adhesion and aggregation, and arterial vasoconstriction. This study investigated the effect of NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a stereospecific inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, on P-selectin expression on platelets, platelet-derived microparticles and platelet-leucocyte aggregates, and on soluble P-selectin levels. Twelve healthy male volunteers were infused intravenously with L-NAME and then with a 10% solution of either l- or d-arginine. Blood pressure responses were recorded and whole blood and serum collected at baseline and after each infusion. P-selectin expression was analysed in all samples by flow cytometry. Serum levels of soluble P-selectin were batch analysed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the end of the study. P-selectin expression on platelets, platelet-derived microparticles and platelet-leucocyte aggregates did not vary significantly from baseline levels following the infusion of L-NAME or l- or d-arginine. However, endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibition caused a marked elevation of arterial blood pressure (P < 0.01) that was restored to pretreatment values by l- but not d-arginine. Serum levels of the soluble form decreased significantly (P = 0.001) following the infusion of l- and d-arginine compared with samples taken at baseline and following L-NAME infusion. In conclusion, inhibition of constitutive nitric oxide synthase in the endothelium and platelets produced significant increases in blood pressure but did not alter platelet membrane expression of P-selectin.     

Effect of route and type of nutrition on intestine-derived inflammatory responses

BACKGROUND: Immunological links between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and respiratory tract has been postulated in the development and maintenance of mucosal immunity. Route and type of nutrition affects mucosal immunity by reducing cell populations within the Peyer's patches of the small intestine and lamina propria as well as altering cytokine profiles within these sites. In addition to the mucosal affects, these alternations in cytokines (decreases in interleukin-4 and interleukin-10) also appear to influence the vascular endothelium of the GI tract. DATA SOURCES: This review examines the laboratory data regarding cytokine profile within the gut, endothelial adhesion molecule expression within the intestinal and extraintestinal organs, and the effect of these alterations on neutrophil accumulation and organ responses to gut ischemia/reperfusion. It also describes the effect of a specific nutrient, glutamine, on the starved gut. CONCLUSIONS: Changes induced by failure to feed the GI tract affects GI vascularity increasing expression of proinflammatory adhesion molecules. These adhesion molecules attract neutrophils and prime them for subsequent ischemic events. Lack of feeding the gastrointestinal tract acts as a "first hit" and increases the inflammatory response to a secondary insult in the lungs, liver, and GI tract. The addition of the specific nutrient, glutamine, reverses many of these defects and favorably influences the proinflammatory effects of gut starvation.     

Expression of P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in human brain after focal infarction or cardiac arrest

Data from experimental studies indicate that acute inflammation contributes to ischaemic brain damage. Tethering of neutrophils to brain endothelium is mediated by selectins, and subsequent adhesion and migration by endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and neutrophil CD18. In experimental studies of ischaemia-reperfusion injury, brain damage has been ameliorated by administration of antibodies to these adhesion molecules. We studied the expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1 in sections of brain from patients who had experienced cardiac arrest or focal brain infarction, and who died 3.5 h to 9 days later. Endothelial immunopositivity for both adhesion molecules was maximal at about 2-3 days then declined. Between 1 day and 3 days, P-selectin was also detected on platelets in blood vessels within infarcted tissue. Within infarcts, but not sections of brain from cardiac arrest patients, P-selectin and ICAM-1 were again detectable at 1 week, when hyperplastic endothelial cells were labelled in capillaries in and immediately adjacent to the infarcted tissue. The finding that P-selectin and ICAM-1 are upregulated within focally infarcted brain tissue supports the concept that blocking neutrophil adhesion may be of benefit in treating atherothrombotic strokes in man.     

血管细胞黏附分子-1和P-选择素对急性冠脉综合征的预测价值

目的:研究血清血管细胞黏附分子-1和P-选择素水平在急性冠脉综合征中的特点,探讨二者对急性冠脉综合征的预测价值。方法:用酶联免疫吸附法检测29例急性心肌梗死,31例不稳定型心绞痛,30例稳定型心绞痛和30例健康对照者血清sVCAM-1、sP-选择素水平。结果:ACS患者血清sVCAM-1、sP-选择素水平均高于非ACS患者,AMI患者血清sVCAM-1浓度及sP-选择素水平较UA患者升高(均P<0.05)。sVCAM-1、sP-选择素和LDL-C之间呈显著正相关。以x±2s为临界值联合检测sVCAM-1和sP-选择素,对于诊断ACS的灵敏度为72.8%,特异度为83.1%。结论:ACS患者血清VCAM-1、P-选择素水平升高,提示与ACS的发生有关,是动脉粥样硬化斑块不稳定的标志,可以作为ACS的预测指标。     

还原型谷胱甘肽对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨缺血前经门静脉注射还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用.方法:20只雄性SD大鼠随机均分为2组,生理盐水处理组(IR组)和GSH预处理组(GPC组),缺血前分别经门静脉主干注射生理盐水或GSH 3 ml/kg,15 min后阻断左、中叶肝蒂45 min,再开放肝蒂40 min,建立约70%肝脏缺血再灌注损伤模型.缺血前及再灌注末经下腔静脉穿刺抽血,测血清ALT、AST含量;取左叶肝组织,测丙二醛(MDA)含量和P-选择素表达情况.结果:缺血前2组血清ALT、AST水平、左叶肝组织MDA含量差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).再灌注末,GPC组血清ALT、AST水平、缺血肝组织MDA含量和P-选择素蛋白表达低于IR组(P均＜0.05).结论:缺血前经门静脉途径注射GSH可以有效减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤程度,该作用可能与减少血循环中自由基含量、抑制肝组织P-选择素表达有关.     

Grp-94、Paxillin、P-选择素在子宫内膜癌中的表达及其意义研究

目的:研究葡萄糖调节蛋白94(G rp-94)、桩蛋白(Paxillin)、P-选择素(P-selectin)在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达及意义。方法:免疫组化S-P法检测子宫内膜癌患者50例,观察肿瘤相关基因G rp-94、Paxillin、P-选择素的表达与子宫内膜癌发生、浸润及转移的关系。结果:①50例子宫内膜癌组织中,G rp-94、Paxillin、P-选择素阳性表达率分别为68.0%、54.0%和60.0%。②G rp-94在子宫内膜癌不同组织学分级中的表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但从直观看随着分化程度的降低,G rp-94的阳性表达增高。Paxillin、P-选择素在不同组织学分级中的表达差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。三者在有、无淋巴结转移的子宫内膜癌患者中的表达差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:G rp-94、Paxillin、P-选择素在子宫内膜癌的发生发展过程中关系密切,与手术病理分期关系不密切,可成为预测子宫内膜癌转移及预后的标志物。     

辛夷挥发油对糖尿病大鼠肾组织中P-selectin mRNA表达的影响

目的：观察辛夷挥发油对糖尿病大鼠肾组织中P-selectin mRNA表达的影响,探讨其对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用及机制。方法：SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病对照组及辛夷挥发油大、中、小剂量治疗组。造模前、后及成模后第4、8、12周检测各组大鼠的体重、血糖、24h尿蛋白定量;第12周处死大鼠检测肾功能;光镜及电镜观察肾组织病理变化;Realtime PCR检测肾组织中P-selectin mRNA表达。结果：与正常对照组相比,糖尿病对照组血糖、肾重/体重、24h尿蛋白定量、血尿素氮、肾组织中P-selectin mRNA表达显著升高（P〈0.01）;血肌酐显著降低（P〈0.01）;病理改变较明显。辛夷挥发油各治疗组24h尿蛋白定量、肾组织中P-selectin mRNA表达较糖尿病对照组显著降低（P〈0.01）,病理改变亦较糖尿病对照组轻。结论：辛夷挥发油可能通过抑制糖尿病大鼠肾组织中P-selectin mRNA表达而对肾脏具有保护作用。     

木兰脂素对肾缺血再灌注损伤大鼠P-选择素表达的影响

目的：探讨木兰脂素对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤是否具有保护作用及其可能机制。方法：雄性SD大鼠45只,随机分为假手术组、对照组和治疗组。除假手术组外,各组按再灌注时间又分为4个亚组,每组5只。治疗组和对照组分别在再灌注开始前5min静脉注射木兰脂素2mg/kg和等量生理盐水。再灌注达相应时间点时,从各亚组大鼠取血备测血肌酐（Scr）、血尿素氮（BUN）,肾组织用于观察病理变化以及作免疫组化分析肾组织P-选择素表达情况。结果：对照组BUN、Scr较假手术组明显升高,治疗组BUN、Scr较相应时间点对照组明显降低（P〈0.05）;对照组的肾组织损伤较假手术组明显加重,而治疗组的肾组织损伤较对照组明显减轻;随着时间延长,对照组肾组织P-选择素阳性表达较假手术组显著增多,治疗组肾组织P-选择素阳性表达较对照组明显减少（P〈0.05）。结论：木兰脂素对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

双苯氟嗪对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后E-选择素、P-选择素和细胞间黏附分子-1表达的影响

目的研究双苯氟嗪对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后E-选择素(E-selectin)、P-选择素(P-selectin)和细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)表达及中性粒细胞浸润的影响。方法采用Zea-Longa线栓法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型。采用HE染色、免疫组化、流式细胞术以及生化的方法，观察双苯氟嗪对大鼠缺血再灌注后脑组织形态学、P-选择素、E-选择素和ICAM-1表达以及髓过氧化酶(MPO)活性的影响。结果双苯氟嗪可改善缺血再灌注后脑损伤的形态学表现；降低P-选择素、E-选择素和ICAM-1的表达以及MPO的活性。结论双苯氟嗪减轻缺血再灌注后炎症反应，对缺血再灌注性脑损伤具有保护作用。