成年人弱视的认识与研究进展

成年人弱视是通常弱视概念的延伸,视神经可塑性的研究证明了成年人弱视治疗的可能性.与儿童弱视相比,成年人弱视有其群体和生理发育的特殊性,本文概述了近几年国内外相关文献报道,阐述了成年人弱视的相关治疗方法及其特殊性,提示进一步研究和探索成年人弱视的治疗将对以往视觉发育及视觉可塑性的理论提出新的挑战.     

高度近视性弱视儿童脉络膜厚度及其影响因素

目的：：研究高度近视性弱视儿童脉络膜厚度变化,并探讨其脉络膜厚度与眼轴、年龄的关系。方法：2014-01/07在我院眼科门诊就诊的儿童50例65眼,年龄4~15(平均9.91±3.41)岁,所有受检眼排除眼底疾病和眼前节病变。根据扩瞳验光的结果,分成高度近视性弱视组(24眼)、高度近视组(19眼)、正视眼组(22眼),运用海德堡EDI-OCT技术对中心凹下脉络膜厚度及距中心凹0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0mm处上方( S,12：00方位)、颞侧( T,9：00方位)、下方( I,6：00方位)、鼻侧( N,3：00方位)的脉络膜厚度进行测量,并通过A超测量出所有受检者眼轴长度。结果：高度近视性弱视组中心凹下及各方位脉络膜厚度与高度近视组、正视眼组相比最薄,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高度近视弱视组中心凹下脉络膜厚度与眼轴长度有显著负相关性(r=-0.531, R2=0.282, F=7.476, P=0.013);与年龄无明显相关性( r=-0.292, R2=0.085, F=2.044, P=0.167)。结论：高度近视性弱视儿童的脉络膜厚度变薄,眼轴长度是重要的影响因素。     

屈光参差性弱视患儿综合治疗效果的相关因素研究

目的：探究影响屈光参差性患儿综合治疗效果的相关因素,为临床干预提供理论依据。

方法：选取我院2013-10/2014-10间收治的100例屈光参差性弱视患儿,经过6～18mo的治疗后根据治疗效果分为A、B、C三组,A组54例,治疗效果判定为治愈; B组34例,治疗效果判定为进步; C组12例,治疗效果判定为无效。对其年龄、依从性、屈光参差程度、屈光参差类型、弱视程度、注视性质进行分析。

结果：三组患者之间屈光参差类型差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而三组患者之间年龄、治疗依从性、屈光参差程度、弱视程度、注视性质相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。通过回归方程分析各因素对综合治疗效果影响程度依次为弱视程度、屈光参差程度、注视性质、年龄、依从性。

结论：屈光参差性患儿综合治疗效果与年龄、治疗的依从性、屈光参差程度、弱视程度、注视性质密切相关,而与患儿的屈光参差类型无明显的相关性。     

综合治疗儿童弱视255例疗效观察

目的：探讨综合治疗各种类型儿童弱视的疗效。

方法：对确诊为弱视的患儿255例386眼,采用戴镜矫正、遮盖疗法、增视能训练系统、CAM训练、红光刺激等综合治疗。并对弱视的年龄、类型及弱视程度与疗效关系进行分析。

结果：弱视治疗总有效率为94%,总治愈率为71%。轻度弱视、3～6岁年龄段和屈光不正性弱视治愈率最高。

结论：综合治疗法对儿童弱视疗效确切,年龄、弱视类型及弱视程度对疗效影响显著。     

儿童屈光参差性弱视立体视觉中枢区激活的fMRI远期研究

目的：运用血氧水平依赖性功能核磁共振成像技术(BOLD-functional magnetic resonance imaging,BOLD-fMRI)阶段性评价屈光参差性弱视儿童在规范弱视训练后视皮质相关功能区激活情况。

方法：收集先期研究及后续收集屈光参差性弱视儿童共13例进行任务态组块模式(Blocks)的功能磁共振(fMRI)研究,采用前后对照t检验对规范弱视治疗18mo和24mo及终止治疗6mo后的脑功能激活数据进行分析。图像处理平台为Matlab 7.12.0.635的SPM8软件。

结果：各阶段功能区激活主要集中在左枕叶(Brodmann 18区)、枕中回(Brodmann 19区)、边缘叶(Brodmann 19区)、双侧顶上小叶(Brodmann 7区)、右枕叶舌回(Brodmann 17区),弱视治疗24mo激活范围无明显扩大,差异无统计学意义(mean T=1.014,P>0.01),终止治疗6mo后激活范围差异无统计学意义(mean T=0.9793,P>0.01)。

结论：屈光参差性弱视治疗2a后视中枢基本稳定,持续弱视治疗对于视中枢功能重建无显著作用。     

Toxic optic neuropathies: an updated review

Toxic optic neuropathy (TON) is caused by the damage to the optic nerve through different toxins, including drugs, metals, organic solvents, methanol and carbon dioxide. A similar clinical picture may also be caused by nutritional deficits, including B vitamins, folic acid and proteins with sulphur‐containing amino acids. This review summarizes the present knowledge on disease‐causing factors, clinical presentation, diagnostics and treatment in TON. It discusses in detail known and hypothesized relations between drugs, including tuberculostatic drugs, antimicrobial agents, antiepileptic drugs, antiarrhythmic drugs, disulfiram, halogenated hydroquinolones, antimetabolites, tamoxifen and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and optic neuropathy.     

122例脑瘫患儿屈光状态和斜弱视临床分析

目的了解脑瘫患儿屈光状态和斜弱视情况及特点,制定多学科的综合康复计划,促进患儿的视力能康复。方法对4~14岁的122例(244眼)脑瘫患儿进行眼部常规检查,眼位检查,散瞳验光等检查,并记录详细的既往病史。结果本组脑瘫患儿中屈光不正220眼,发生率90.2%,其中80%经屈光矫正视力提高2行及以上,并以复性远视散光、远视和混合散光为主。屈光不正状态在痉挛型和其他类型脑瘫患儿间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。脑瘫患儿中斜弱视发生率13.1%,其中痉挛型脑瘫占50%,主要病因是早产及低出生体重。结论重视脑瘫患儿的屈光矫正,特别是复性远视散光和混合散光。痉挛型是斜弱视脑瘫患儿最主要的脑瘫类型。     

Macular Microvasculature and Associated Retinal Layer Thickness in Pediatric Amblyopia: Magnification-Corrected Analyses

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to characterize macular microvasculature and structural retinal layers using magnification-corrected optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images in children with amblyopia.MethodsThis prospective cross-sectional study included 22 children with unilateral amblyopia (4–11 years of age) receiving spectral-domain OCTA. Vessel densities in foveal and parafoveal regions of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) were measured in amblyopic and fellow eyes using a customized image analysis program correcting the scale of retinal image with axial length. Iowa Reference Algorithms (Iowa Institute for Biomedical Imaging) were used to measure mean thickness values of 10 intra-retinal layers rescaled for image size correction.ResultsFoveal and parafoveal vessel densities in amblyopic eyes were lower than that of the fellow eyes in the SCP (fovea: P = 0.006 and parafovea: P = 0.003) and the DCP (P = 0.024 and P = 0.025, respectively). Amblyopic eyes had significantly smaller foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area than fellow eyes (P < 0.001). There were significant differences in retinal layer thickness between paired eyes, particularly in the inner retina in both foveal and parafoveal regions; retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) (P = 0.024 and P = 0.095, respectively), ganglion cell layer (P < 0.001 and P = 0.008), inner plexiform layer (IPL; P = 0.12 and P = 0.037), inner nuclear layer (P = 0.005 and P = 0.005), and outer plexiform layer (OPL; P = 0.02 and P = 0.057), except in the foveal IPL, the parafoveal RNFL, and OPL.ConclusionsUnilateral amblyopic eyes demonstrate reduced macular vessel density and thicker inner retinal layers compared with fellow eyes even after correcting for image magnification. Changes in macular microvasculature and structural layers may offer valuable insights in the development of amblyopia.     

斜视性弱视伴偏中心注视眼的多焦视网膜电图表现

目的：探究斜视性弱视伴偏中心注视眼的多焦视网膜电图(mfERG)特征性变化。

方法：收集2018-01/2020-12在我院就诊的斜视性弱视伴偏中心注视患者20例作为研究组(4例为外斜视,16例为内斜视),同时收集屈光不正性弱视患者20例作为对照组。散瞳状态下检查mfERG,记录P1波的振幅密度和潜伏期。

结果：斜视组弱视眼多焦视网膜电图P1波振幅密度与対侧眼相比第一环(P=0.001),第二环(P<0.001),第三环(P=0.001),第四环(P=0.009),第五环(P=0.026)明显降低; 与对照组相比第一环(P=0.033),第二环(P=0.002),第三环(P<0.001),第四环(P=0.014)明显降低; 斜视组弱视眼潜伏期与対侧眼相比第一环(P=0.017)、第二环(P=0.001)有明显缩短,与对照组相比第二环(P=0.007)明显缩短。

结论：斜视性弱视伴偏中心注视眼的多焦视网膜电图P1波振幅密度越靠近黄斑中心凹下降越多,且与屈光不正性弱视眼相比下降更多。