Comparative Assessment of Antimicrobial Activities of Antibiotic-Treated Penile Prostheses

Background

Although infections associated with penile implants are relatively infrequent, they result in serious medical consequences. Because treatment of these infections usually requires removal of the infected penile implant, prevention of infection is crucial. Since bacterial colonization of the implant is a prelude to clinical infection, antimicrobial modification of the devices may inhibit device colonization and subsequent infection.

Objective

We compared the spectrum and durability, both in vitro and in vivo, of two antibiotic-treated penile prostheses: InhibiZone implants pre-impregnated with minocycline and rifampin (M/R) and Titan implants dipped in vancomycin.

Design, setting, and participants

1 × 1-cm cylinder segments of (1) control untreated, (2) M/R-impregnated, and (3) vancomycin-dipped implants were studied. Baseline zones of inhibition (ZI) were determined against clinical isolates, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), and Escherichia coli. In addition, ZI against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus were compared both in vitro after being washed in a flow chamber and after subcutaneous implantation in rabbits for 1, 2, 7, and 14 d.

Measurements

ZI were measured as the diameter of the clear zone around each test device minus the external diameter of the device.

Results and limitations

Implants pre-impregnated with M/R displayed a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity than vancomycin-dipped implants against both gram-positive and -negative bacteria. The M/R-impregnated devices also yielded significantly larger zones of inhibition against S. aureus than vancomycin-dipped implants, both in vitro (p < 0.003) and in vivo throughout the 14-d period of device implantation in rabbits (p ≤ 0.03).

Conclusions

Penile prostheses impregnated with M/R have a broader spectrum in vitro and a more durable antimicrobial activity in vitro and in an animal model than implants dipped in vancomycin. Therefore, along with being a more practical model for incorporating antimicrobials onto the device, the use of implants pre-impregnated with M/R may help reduce the incidence of penile implant infection.     

Possible antipsychotic effects of minocycline in patients with schizophrenia

We present two cases of patients with schizophrenia treated with minocycline. Minocycline (a second-generation tetracycline) is an established and safe broad-spectrum antibiotic that crosses the blood-brain barrier, with additional efficacy for diseases such as acne and rheumatoid arthritis. Animal studies have suggested that minocycline may prevent progression of some neurological disorders. Moreover, it has been reported that minocycline might have antidepressant effects. We report two cases of acute schizophrenia with predominant catatonic symptoms that responded to minocycline.     

HPLC法测定盐酸米诺环素缓释片主药的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定盐酸米诺环素缓释片主药含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为Thermo ODS-C_(18),流动相为0.2 mol·L~(-1)草酸铵-0.01 mol·L~(-1)乙二胺四乙酸二钠-二甲基甲酰胺-四氢呋喃(600:180:120:80),检测波长为280 nm,进样量为20μL,流速为1.5 mL·min~(-1)。结果:米诺环素检测浓度的线性范围为0.05～0.5 mg·mL~(-1)(r=0.999 8);平均回收率为99.11%,RSD=0.5%。结论:本方法准确可靠、灵敏度高、重现性好,可用于该制剂的含量测定。     

盐酸米诺环素联合爱宝疗治疗解脲脲原体生殖道感染的临床观察

目的:探讨盐酸米诺环素联合爱宝疗治疗生殖道解脲脲原体感染的疗效。方法:对有不良妊娠史的连续2次和/或2次以上的生殖道解脲脲原体感染患者43例,采用口服盐酸米诺环素联合爱宝疗浓缩液宫颈局部上药治疗,分别于治疗结束后的第10天和35天进行宫颈拭子解脲脲原体培养,根据病原体培养结果判断疗效。结果:治疗结束后10天病原体转阴率为92.7%;35天病原体转阴率为90.2%。结论:盐酸米诺环素联合爱宝疗治疗难治性解脲脲原体生殖道感染疗效较好,本结果为临床用药选择提供了一定的实验依据。     

Severe lactic acidosis secondary to minocycline in a teenager with infectious mononucleosis and mitochondrial myopathy

Mitochondrial myopathies are heterogeneous disorders with diverse presentations including laboratory findings of lactic acidosis. Often times they are diagnosed in childhood or the early teenage years following an infectious illness. Minocycline is a common antibiotic used for the treatment of acne. It has been reported to alter mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. We report an interesting case of a teenager in which mitochondrial myopathy with severe lactic acidosis presented following a bout of infectious mononucleosis and minocycline use. It is hypothesized that oxidative stress from the infectious illness plus the minocycline use triggered the patient's presentation. The clinical manifestations and genetics of mitochondrial myopathies and treatment are discussed along with the management of lactic acidosis.     

Minocycline or iNOS inhibition block 3-nitrotyrosine increases and blood–brain barrier leakiness in amyloid beta-peptide-injected rat hippocampus

This work has examined levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT, a marker for peroxynitrite formation) and intactness of blood–brain barrier (BBB) in amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ_1–42)-injected rat hippocampus. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated 3-NT immunoreactivity in microglia/macrophages and astrocytes were significantly increased at 7 days post-Aβ_1–42 injection. Administration of the broad spectrum anti-inflammatory agent minocycline or the selective iNOS inhibitor 1400W markedly reduced 3-NT levels. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that 3-NT was prominently expressed in microglia/macrophages and astrocytes located in proximity to blood vessels. Additionally, Aβ_1–42 injection caused a marked increase in permeability of the BBB to immunoglobulin G (IgG); both minocycline and 1400W were highly effective in decreasing the leakiness of the BBB. Our results suggest the involvement of glial-derived reactive nitrogen species in mediating increased BBB permeability in Aβ_1–42 injected rat hippocampus.     

米诺环素后处理对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤的影响及其机制

目的探讨米诺环素后处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用及其可能机制。方法 96只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、低剂量米诺环素组(3 mg/kg)和高剂量米诺环素组(10 mg/kg)。通过结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支45 min,再灌注2 h及24 h。再灌注2 h,检测各组心肌缺血危险区、梗死范围;血清、心肌组织TNF-α、IL-1β含量及心肌组织MPO活性;心肌凋亡指数(AI)以及心肌组织形态学改变。再灌注24 h,检测大鼠心脏血流动力学、心肌缺血危险区、梗死范围。结果与缺血再灌注组比较,低剂量、高剂量米诺环素均能降低左心室舒张末压、心肌梗死范围、AI以及血清、心肌组织TNF-α、IL-1β含量及心肌组织MPO活性,同时升高心率、左心室收缩压、±dp/dtmax(P0.05或P0.01)。结论米诺环素后处理能够显著抑制心肌缺血再灌注损伤诱导的大鼠心肌细胞凋亡,减少梗死范围,明显改善心功能,其机制与减少局部与系统的炎症反应有关。     

HPLC-PDA检测祛痘除螨类化妆品中非法添加盐酸米诺环素方法的建立

目的建立用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法（HPLC-PDA）检测祛痘除螨类化妆品中非法添加的盐酸米诺环素,以打击化妆品中非法添加禁限物质的不法行为。方法采用Waters Symmetry C18（5μm,4.6 mm×250 mm）色谱柱;以醋酸铵缓冲盐溶液（取醋酸铵15 g、氯化钾10 g与乙二胺四乙酸二钠5 g,加水溶解并稀释成1 000 ml）-乙腈（70∶30）为流动相等度洗脱;流速为1.0 ml/min;柱温为25℃;检测波长280 nm;用PDA检测,以保留时间和紫外光谱图定性,峰面积定量。结果盐酸米诺环素在1~100μg/ml范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为1.000 0,检出限为0.1μg/ml,方法的回收率为88.5%~98.5%,RSD为1.0%~1.5%（n=6）。结论该方法特异性强,灵敏度高,准确可靠,适用于不同基质样品中盐酸米诺环素的检测。     

米诺环素软膏与碘甘油辅助治疗第三磨牙冠周炎伴牙龈脓肿的效果比较

目的：比较盐酸米诺环素软膏与碘甘油辅助治疗第三磨牙冠周炎伴牙龈脓肿的临床效果。方法164例患第三磨牙冠周炎伴牙龈脓肿的青年大学生患者,随机分为2组,每组82例,2组均行牙龈脓肿切开排脓、冠周冲洗上药、口服替硝唑、头孢拉啶和复方硼砂含漱液含漱等综合治疗,试验组冠周上质量分数2%的盐酸米诺环素软膏,每3天1次;对照组冠周上质量分数1%的碘甘油,每天1次。治疗3d后复诊,对比2组的疗效。结果试验组总有效率为93.9%,对照组为78.0%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=8.546,P=0.003）。2组均未发生药物不良反应。结论盐酸米诺环素软膏辅助治疗第三磨牙冠周炎伴牙龈脓肿可收到良好的临床效果。