Human herpes virus-8-negative primary effusion lymphoma in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a newly described high-grade B cell lymphoma developing in association with human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infecting individuals. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by reduced serum immunoglobulin and heterogeneous clinical features. The risk of cancer in CVID patients is increased. Here, we describe a PEL that developed in the pleural and pericardial cavities of an HIV-negative and HHV-8-negative patient with CVID.     

Immunological competence of children with pyogenic meningitis

A broad range of immunological tests was performed on 9 consecutive children with pyogenic meningitis. Two were found to have combined IgG and IgA deficiency. One had a combination of IgG deficiency and impaired neutrophil chemotaxis. Primary immunodeficiency disorders as a predisposing cause of pyogenic meningitis may be more common than previously suspected.     

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), also called the human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus [HTLV-III/LAV], has affected over 23,000 people; more than half of those with the disease have died. The actual case fatality rate approaches 100%. AIDS affects all groups and classes of people, although some are at special risk. Distribution of the disease is worldwide. The illness' effects on the body are widespread; of special interest are the ophthalmologic manifestations. The eye may be infected by various viruses (cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, herpes simples virus or HIV itself), toxoplasma gondii, candida sp, cryptococcus neoformans, M. tuberculosis, or M. avium-intracellulare. Kaposi's sarcoma may affect the eye as well. Retinal vascular abnormalities (e.g., cotton-wool spots, vasculitis) are not uncommon in AIDS. The syndrome may present with neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations. No effective treatment for the illness is currently available, although several hold promise and there is hope for an AIDS vaccine. Prevention of infection through reduction of risks appears to be the only defense against AIDS at this time.     

CLINICO-PATHOLOGIC CONFERENCE: 18-MONTH-OLD BOY WITH FEVER AND SEVERE RESPIRATORY INFECTION

An 18-month-old boy with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to an IL2-y-receptor defect had a successful engraftment following a related mismatched allogeneic bone transplant. He subsequently developed post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, with severe respiratory infection which resulted in death. The case presentation is followed by a discussion with differential diagnosis of the clinical findings, and then by a discussion of the pathology found and the implications of this diagnosis.     

A fatal case of Exophiala dermatitidis meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent host: A case report and literature review

BackgroundCentral nervous system (CNS) infection due to Exophiala dermatitidis is rare and fatal, and primarily reported in immunocompromised patients or those with caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 deficiency. Herein, we describe a case of an otherwise healthy person (without underlying disease or gene deficiency) diagnosed with Exophiala dermatitidis meningoencephalitis. The patient achieved clinical remission under high-dose antifungal therapy in the first 14 months but died after 2 years of the therapy.Case presentationA 15-year-old student with headache and fever was admitted to our department. Lumbar puncture showed increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, moderately high CSF protein levels and cell counts, and a remarkable decrease in CSF glucose and chloride. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed multiple lesions and cerebral pia mater enhancement. CSF culture confirmed E. dermatitidis infection. We administered 4-week antifungal therapy of amphotericin B, but his CSF culture remained positive. After receiving the 12-week standard dose of voriconazole (200 mg q12h), the patient's CSF culture became negative, but his condition deteriorated with intracranial lesion enlargement. We administered a high-dose voriconazole therapy (600–800 mg per day) for 12 months, which led to clinical remission. The voriconazole dose was reduced due to adverse effects including hepatic dysfunction and hypokalemia, and the disease progressed with high intracranial pressure and epileptic seizures.ConclusionsCNS infection caused by E. dermatitidis is fatal and the most serious form of fungal infection. Initially, high-dose and long-term antifungal therapy could be effective. Gene defect and related antifungal immunodeficiency may be the most important pathogenic and lethal factor.     

HIV／AIDS实验室检测及其研究进展

获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）是由人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）引起的一种严重危胁人类健康的传染病。实验室检测是诊断HIV／AIDS的主要依据。HIV实验室检测一般包括病毒抗体和抗原检测、病毒核酸检测、免疫细胞检测及病毒耐药检测。20多年来，HIV的实验室诊断方法取得很大进展，特别是近年来免疫学方法和分子生物学方法的应用为临床诊治和流行病学调查提供了有力的帮助。对HIV的检测，灵敏度及特异度高的分析方法将有助于HIV的早期诊断、避免漏检，也有助于对抗艾滋病药物的疗效评价、预测和监测疾病进程，提高检测的灵敏性，缩短检测的窗口期，是HIV诊断方法和诊断试剂持续发展的主要方向。随着对HIV／AIDS研究的不断深入及分子生物学技术的飞速发展，各种检测HIV的新技术层出不穷，HIV的实验室检测正朝着简便、快速、敏感、准确及自动化方向发展．     

农村HIV感染者/AIDS病人膳食营养宣教效果评价

目的评价艾滋病（AIDS）疫情高发村,艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者/AIDS病人膳食营养宣传教育的效果,探索适合AIDS病人较为集中的农村地区的营养宣教模式。方法对320名HIV感染者/AIDS病人实施以艾滋病治疗点诊疗人员指导为主、社区宣传为辅的膳食营养宣教活动,宣教前后对随机抽取的48名和43名对象,采用3天24小时膳食回顾法,调查营养素摄入情况并进行比较。结果调查对象能量、蛋白质、核黄素、铁、硒和锌平均每日摄入量,在宣教后有不同程度的提高,其中能量摄入量由宣教前的1 666.68 kcal提高到宣教后的1 843.79kcal,蛋白质由49.71g提高到58.53g,核黄素由0.68mg提高到0.92mg,铁由21.00mg提高到29.07mg,硒由45.78μg提高到57.62μg,锌由6.94mg提高到8.56mg。能量、蛋白质、维生素E、核黄素、铁和硒摄入量,未达到推荐摄入量人数所占的比例,在宣教后有不同程度的下降。结论营养宣教活动取得了较好的效果,目标人群几种重要营养素的摄入量有不同程度的提高。以艾滋病治疗点诊疗人员指导为主、社区宣传为辅的膳食营养宣教模式,在HIV感染者/AIDS病人较为集中的农村地区是可行的。     

HIV-1的耐药基因突变

人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)耐药,是影响艾滋病抗病毒治疗效果的主要因素。随着抗病毒治疗的发展及新型靶点抗病毒药物的临床应用,已确定了200多个各种类型HIV耐药相关的基因突变,它们对于耐药及病毒的生物学特性产生不同程度的影响。该文对HIV的耐药基因突变,及其对耐药的作用和对复制适应性的影响进行了综述,并分析了今后耐药性研究应关注的重点。     

免疫缺陷小鼠平台上的人肿瘤异种移植研究进展

免疫缺陷小鼠是研究肿瘤理想的动物模型,它的免疫系统部分缺陷,对体外移植物排斥较低的特点使其成为人类肿瘤移植的最佳选择。目前各类肿瘤的动物模型已相继建立,并运用于药物敏感性评价、抗肿瘤新药物临床前试验等研究。本文就人肿瘤异种移植动物模型的建立及应用予以综述。