临床分离多重耐药假单胞菌耐药机制的研究

为了解假单胞菌对亚胺培能（ＩＭＰ）、头孢他啶（ＣＴＺ）、头孢哌酮（ＣＰＺ）和氨曲南（ＡＺ）的耐药机制。以绿脓杆菌标准株ＰＡＯ１和对照株ＴＮＰＯＯ４为对照，应用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ外膜蛋白图谱和β－内酰胺酶测定方法，研究了临床分离的两株多重耐药绿脓杆菌和一株ＩＭＰ耐药荧光假单胞菌。结果表明：两株绿脓杆菌分离株均缺失了外膜蛋白ＯｐｒＤ＿２和外膜蛋白Ｅ（ＯｐｒＥ），并出现了４４．７ＫＤ的未知蛋白带；两株菌均产生了较高水平的β－内酰胺酶，其酶活性分别为０．６８１Ｕ／ｍｇ和０．６ｌ０Ｕ／ｍｇ，经ＩＭＰ诱导，两株菌产酶量未见显著增加；其β－内酰胺酶对上述药物的相对水解率均小于１０％。提示该两株绿脓杆菌对上述药物的多重耐药机制可能是ＯｐｒＤ＿２、ＯｐｒＥ的缺失和大量β－内酰胺酶的共同作用结果；其中对ＩＭＰ耐药的主要原因可能是ＯｐｒＤ＿２丢失。另一株ＩＭＰ耐药荧光假单胞菌出现了ＯｐｒＤ＿２含量的减少。     

Rapid detection of KPC-producing Enterobacterales by using a modified Carba NP test with imipenem/relebactam

IntroductionHere, we propose a novel modified Carba NP test for detecting KPC-producing Enterobacterales using imipenem/relebactam.Material and methodsThe test performance was evaluated in a random selection of 160 previously molecularly characterized clinical isolates carrying the 110 blaKPC, 1 bla_GES, 12 bla_VIM, 4 bla_IMP, 3 bla_NDM and 42 bla_OXA-48-like genes. The proposed method relies on the detection of imipenem hydrolysis in an imipenem/relebactam antibiotic solution and subsequent visual interpretation by color change.ResultsAll class A producing Enterobacterales (111/111) were detected using imipenem/relebactam as no visual appreciation of color change was perceived due to a nule hydrolysis of imipenem in the antibiotic solution. Overall, the assay showed 100% sensitivity (111/111) and specificity (69/69) for detecting class A KPC-producing Enterobacterales.DiscussionThe biochemical assay provides very reliable results for detecting KPC-producing Enterobacterales, with a turnaround time of less than 1 hour, minimum handling and no specialized equipment required.     

某医院2019年亚胺培南西司他丁钠用药情况分析

目的:了解并评价亚胺培南西司他丁在我院住院患者中临床应用合理性,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法:采用回顾性研究方法,对我院2019年1–12月使用该药的140例出院病例信息进行整理,收集患者基本信息及该药应用情况,并根据特殊使用级抗菌药物的相关文件评价药物的合理性。结果:140例出院病例中,亚胺培南西司他丁不合理使用率为30.71%。28例无适应证用药,15例用法用量不适宜,28例给药前未进行病原学检测,2例未进行评估和动态监测,132例无会诊记录。结论:我院特殊使用级抗菌药物管理存在一定缺陷。针对存在的问题,临床药师应加强合理用药宣传并及时与医师进行沟通,以确保抗菌药物的规范使用。     

亚胺培南肾毒性和西司他丁肾保护的基础和临床研究进展

亚胺培南是一种碳青霉烯类抗生素,在临床上和西司他丁组成复方制剂,用于多重耐药和重症感染的治疗。肾毒性是亚胺培南的常见不良反应,在儿童和老年等肾功不全群体中,应用亚胺培南导致肾脏毒性的风险更大。西司他丁具有肾保护活性,可降低顺铂、万古霉素、环孢素A等药物的肾毒性。本文对近年来亚胺培南肾毒性和西司他丁肾保护作用的研究进展进行综述,从基础研究和临床应用的角度,揭示亚胺培南和西司他丁在肾脏产生不同效应的可能机制,为亚胺培南和西司他丁的临床安全合理应用提供理论基础和科学建议。     

Phenotypic detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase among burns patients: First report from Iran

Background

Resistance to antimicrobial agents such as carbapenems among enterobacteriacea has been increasing, especially in Klebsiella pneumonia that produces variety of enzymes including Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC). This study is the first report of its kind investigating the resistance to carbapenems among burns patients in Iran.

Method

During a 6-month period, 28 hospitalized burn patients who required to be placed on broad spectrum antibiotics were studied. Isolated species identified by routine biochemical test. Susceptibility testing for these species was performed by recommended the CLSI guidelines method. The tested antibiotics included cefotaxime, cefepime, aztreonam, imipenem, amoxicillin + clavulonic acid, gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol. For determination of KPC in phenotypical forms, Modified Hodge Test was utilized as per CLSI recommendation.

Results

Thirty-five Klebsiella spp. were isolated from 28 hospitalized patients. Nineteen out of 35 Klebsiella isolates were resistant to imipenem and that all of them had positive KPC. Nine of imipenem resistant isolates were also resistant to all tested antibiotics. Mortality rate among patients with positive KPC was 33%.

Conclusion

High rate of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains in isolates with positive KPC is a major challenge in Iran and that it could cause an increase in both mortality and morbidity among burn patients. Thus, appropriate infection control measures and guidelines are needed to prevent such infections among burn patients.     

盐酸氨溴索联合亚胺培南治疗重症新生儿肺炎的疗效观察

目的：探讨盐酸氨溴索和亚胺培南联合使用对重症新生儿肺炎的治疗效果。方法62例重症新生儿肺炎患儿利用随机数字表法分为对照组和治疗组各31例。两组患儿均给予保暖、常规吸氧、抗感染、纠正酸碱失衡等治疗,对照组在此基础上给予亚胺培南静脉滴注,治疗组在对照组基础上给予盐酸氨溴索治疗。观察患儿体温恢复正常时间、肺部啰音消失时间、每天吸痰次数及治疗时间等。结果治疗组总有效率（93．5％）明显高于对照组（83．9％）（P＜0．05）;治疗组治疗时间、体温恢复正常时间、肺部啰音消失时间及每天吸痰次数较对照组明显缩短,差异均有统计学意义（ t＝8．12、7．99、7．63、7．21,均P＜0．05）。结论盐酸氨溴索和亚胺培南联合使用,可明显缩短新生儿肺炎患儿体温恢复正常时间、肺部啰音消失时间、每天吸痰次数及治疗时间,盐酸氨溴索可增强亚胺培南的治疗效果,两者对治疗新生儿肺炎有协同作用,且无明显不良反应,值得临床推广使用。     

铜绿假单胞菌对碳青酶烯类抗菌药物的耐药性分析

目的通过分析铜绿假单胞菌感染患者的临床资料及细菌培养结果等,分析铜绿假单胞菌对碳青酶烯类抗菌药物的耐药性。方法选择160例铜绿假单胞菌感染患者为研究对象,首先对对菌株进行耐药性实验检查。抗菌药卡包括美洛培南（MEM）、亚胺培南（IMI）、头孢他啶（CAZ）、庆大霉素（GEN）、阿米卡星（AK）、环丙沙星（CIP）、氨曲南（ATM）、左氧氟沙星（LEV）、美洛西林（MEZ）、氯霉素（CMP）、哌拉西彬他唑巴坦（TZP）和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦（SCF）。以亚胺培南（IMI）和头孢他啶（CAZ）为底物,对金属β-内酰胺酶表型进行筛选。结果铜绿假单胞菌对CMP耐药率最高,为93．75％。对MEM耐药率最低,为18．13％。铜绿假单胞菌对美洛培南敏感率为81．88％,显著高于亚胺培南的敏感率61．88％,差异有统计学意义（X2=4．34、4．34,均P〈0．05）。美洛培南敏感铜绿假单胞杆菌MIC值≤1μg／mL菌株比例为76．9％,显著高于亚胺培南,MIC值2～4μg／mL菌株比例为23．1％,显著低于亚胺培南,差异具有统计学意义（X。=5．43、5．43,均P〈0．05）。32株铜绿假单胞杆菌金属β-内酰胺酶阳性率为19．4％。以CAZ为底物阳性11例,以IMI为底物阳性21例。结论铜绿假单胞杆菌对多种抗生素耐药,而对美洛培南敏感性较高,耐药菌株金属β-内酰胺酶表达率高。     

血必净注射液联合亚胺培南治疗肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎的临床研究

目的探究血必净注射液联合亚胺培南治疗肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎的临床疗效。方法选取2013年8月—2015年8月黄河三门峡医院消化内科收治的肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎患者88例,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各44例。对照组患者腹腔穿刺放液≤2 000 m L/d,放液后给予注射用亚胺培南西司他丁钠0.5 g/次,1次/d,同时静脉滴注注射用亚胺培南西司他丁钠,0.5 g加入到0.9%生理盐水100 m L中,3次/d。治疗组在对照组治疗基础上静脉滴注血必净注射液,50 m L加入到0.9%生理盐水100 m L中,1次/d。两组均连续治疗7 d。观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组发热、腹胀、腹痛、腹部压痛和反跳痛等临床症状消失时间。观察两组并发症的发生率,同时比较两组治疗前后白细胞(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)的变化。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为75.00%、90.91%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组发热、腹胀、腹痛、腹部压痛和反跳痛等临床症状消失时间均显著短于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组WBC、CRP、PCT、TNF-α、IL-6均较治疗前显著降低,同组治疗前后差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗7 d后治疗组这些观察指标显著低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组和治疗并发症的总发生率分别为18.18%、4.55%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血必净注射液联合亚胺培南治疗肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎的临床疗效显著,可以显著缓解临床症状,降低并发症的发生率,还可以降低血清炎症因子的表达,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

Imipenem/Cilastatin Treatment of Acute Infections in AIDS/ARC Patients

Summary

We studied the clinical efficacy and safety of imipenem, a broad spectrum β-lactain antibiotic, in acute bacterial infections in 21 patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC). Imipenem/cilastatin was administered as a 30-min intravenous infusion using a dose fo 500 mg/8 h. Bacterial pathogens were isolated before treatment in 80% of cases; 87.5% of all strains were susceptible to imipenem in vitro. Treatment resulted in rapid control of the infections in 80% of patients. Clinical and laboratory adverse reactions probably related to imipenem treatment were noted in 8 patients.     

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole plus Amikacin as First-Line Therapy and Imipenem/Cilastatin as Second Empirical Therapy in Febrile Neutropenic Patients with Hematological Disorders

One hundred and thirty-nine consecutive episodes of fever were evaluated in 55 patients with hematological disorders during persistent neutropenia. In 121 instances, patients were given trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole + amikacin (TMP/SMZ + AMI) as an initial antibiotic regimen with clinical success in 51% (i.e. antibiotic treatment was not changed within the first 7 days).

Imipenem/cilastatin (I/C) therapy was instituted in: (a) 22 episodes with clinical failure and fever of unknown origin during TMP/SMZ + AMI therapy and (b) 18 episodes with a second fever episode during initially successful TMP/SMZ + AMI therapy. The response rate for all 40 I/C treated episodes was 80%. One neutropenic patient in the whole series died from infectious complications within four weeks from institution of therapy.

TMP/SMZ + AMI seems to be a safe and inexpensive «standard» antibiotic regimen in neutropenic patients. I/C appears to have good efficacy when used as secondary therapy after failure with TMP/SMZ + AMI.