PERCUTANEOUS LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY: INDICATIONS,CONTRAINDICATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS

The indications, contraindications and complications of percutaneous laparoscopic cholecystectomy (PLC) were established from a group of 308 patients referred for cholecystectomy. Of the 308 patients 86% underwent PLC, 5% were commenced laparoscopically, but converted to open cholecystectomy and 9% were performed as open cholecystectomy from the outset. Complications included two bile leaks from the gall-bladder bed, one cystic duct stump leak and three retained stones. Pre-operative rather than intra-operative duct imaging was used so that common duct stones could be removed before operation. PLC is a safe procedure that has now become the standard technique for cholecystectomy.     

Intra-operative Total Enteroscopy for the Management of Peutz-Jegher's Syndrome

We present a case of Peutz-Jegher's syndrome in an 18 year old female who was followed for gastrointestinal polyps for 13 years from the age of 5 years. The patient was treated four times with surgical or endoscopic polypectomy for gastrointestinal polyps. At the age of 14 years, a combined surgical and endoscopic approach for the management of Peutz-Jegher's syndrome was carried out. A large polyp of the ileum required enterotomy for its removal, and another smaller polyp of the upper jejunum was identified and removed by intra-operative total enteroscopy via the anus. Intra-operative enteroscopy allows one to identify polyps that would previously have been missed. A more complete polypectomy can be performed using this technique, allowing the patient with Peutz-Jegher's syndrome a longer interval between laparotomies and a reduction in symptoms attributed to polyps.     

内镜治疗老年总胆管结石30例体会

目的：探讨内窥镜治疗老年总胆管结石的安全性和有效性。方法：对我院普外科收治的30例70岁以上的老年总胆管结石患者进行回顾性分析，所有患者均经B超或螺旋CT明确诊断并接受内镜治疗，治疗方法包括逆行胰胆管造影（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)，鼻胆管引流（endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD)，乳头括肌切开（endoscopic shincterotomy,est)和取石术，碎石术，测定患者内镜治疗前后的生化指标变化。结果：30例老年总胆管结石患者行ERCP检查，成功率100％，28例行EST，总胆管结石直径＜1.0cm者成功率100％，结石直径1.0-1.5cm者成功率86％，结石直径≥1.5cm者需进行机械碎石取石，成功率75％；另有2例患者植入塑料支架作长期引流。1例患者发生与内镜有关的并发症，死亡例，30例患者治疗后各项生化指标较治疗前均有明显改善（P＜0．001）。结论：内镜治疗老年总胆管结石成功率增高，避免了手术创新，安全性好，缩短住院时间，是当前治疗老年总胆管结石的首选方法。     

The role of different imaging modalities: is MRI a conditio sine qua non for ETV?

Objective To describe the different imaging modalities used for the diagnosis and classification of hydrocephalus, their role in defining the optimal treatment of hydrocephalus and to define the optimal preoperative diagnostics for endoscopic third ventriculocisternostomy (ETV). Methods An overview on available imaging modalities for hydrocephalus will be given and their pros and cons discussed. In addition, different aspects of the treatment of hydrocephalus by shunts and by ETV will be highlighted. Discussion The role of the technical aspects of performing an ETV, the role of the surgeon’s philosophy, the role of the urgency of the procedure, and the role of informed consent on the requirements for the imaging of the hydrocephalus will be discussed. Conclusion The authors conclude that MRI is a conditio sine qua non for ETV in elective surgical cases.     

Symptoms, diagnosis and endoscopic management of common bile duct stones

Symptomatic BDS commonly cause significant morbidity and attempt at stone removal should be attempted if possible. Complications of CBDS include biliary colic, jaundice, cholangitis and pancreatitis. Investigations aimed to predict the presence of stones within the bile duct include serum bilirubin, AST, ALP, common bile duct diameter and age as independent predictors of choledocholithiasis. TUS is a sensitive test in detecting bile duct dilatation but the sensitivity is reduced in its ability to detect choledocholithiasis. A NIH consensus statement found that ERC, MRC and EUS were comparable in their sensitivities, specificities and accuracy rates for detection of choledocholithiasis. ERC and stone removal using a balloon or basket is often performed following EST. EBD may be performed if patients have uncorrected coagulopathies but the risk of pancreatitis is higher than for EST (although the risk of bleeding complications is lower for EBD). ML is often required in difficult to remove CBDS and using this device, CBDS can be removed in 90–95% of cases. Other forms of lithotripsy including laser lithotripsy and EHL are confined to specialised centres and the evidence for their use is based on small studies. ESWL may clear stones from the bile duct in up to 93% of patients but frequently ERC and stone fragment removal is required post ESWL. The role of medical therapy in difficult to remove CBDS (or in CBDS in patients with severe co-morbid illness preventing ERC + stone removal) is still currently uncertain due to a lack of large randomised control trials.     

Carcinoma of the papilla of vater: Are endoscopic appearance and endoscopic biopsy discordant?

Carcinoma of the papilla of Vater is classified as periampullary cancer representing 5% of all gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Early and accurate diagnosis is important for those patients with a tumor of the papilla, as the prognosis is more favorable than in other periampullary neoplasms. Endoscopically obtained biopsies from suspicious papillae can detect an early tumor, although even for skilled pathologists it is often difficult to differentiate carcinomas from noninvasive lesions on the basis of forceps biopsies. The purpose of this study was to assess the preoperative diagnostic accuracy of duodenoscopy appearance and biopsy in all cases with suspicion of tumor. Thirty patients with suspicion of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater and with final diagnosis established by pancreatoduodenectomy were included in this retrospective study. In each case, a comparison was made between endoscopic biopsy and duodenoscopic appearance. Duodenoscopic appearance sensitivity and accuracy for malignancy were 86% and 83%, respectively, whereas endoscopic biopsy sensitivity and accuracy were 65% and 67%, respectively. Although preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater is useful for making therapeutic decisions, the diagnostic value of the endoscopic appearance was superior to endoscopic biopsy in this series. Presented at the 2003 American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association Congress, Miami, Florida, February 27-March 3, 2003. Supported by FADA-CAPES/PROP 200J (M.L.D.).     

内镜下胆管引流术治疗梗阻性黄疸

目的探讨内镜下胆管引流术对梗阻性黄疸的治疗价值。方法回顾性分析我院1998年10月～2007年5月行内镜下胆管引流术治疗梗阻性黄疸119例的临床资料。本组良性梗阻性黄疸66例中行内镜下鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)58例,失败的8例改行手术治疗;恶性梗阻性黄疸53例中行内镜下塑料支架引流术(ERBD)23例,行内镜下金属支架引流术(EMBE)18例,ENBD减黄后实施手术6例,穿刺置管失败转经皮经肝穿刺胆道置管引流术6例。结果良、恶性梗阻性黄疸病人经内镜下胆管引流术治疗术后1周内血清胆红素明显下降(P<0.05、P<0.01)。结论内镜下胆管引流术治疗梗阻性黄疸具有疗效好、微创、并发症少等优点,有较高的临床运用价值。     

胃肠道脂肪瘤的诊断与治疗

目的总结胃肠道脂肪瘤的诊断与治疗经验。方法回顾性分析1993年至2007年间收治的34例胃肠道脂肪瘤的临床资料。结果胃肠道脂肪瘤的临床表现无特异性,可并发肠套叠或肠梗阻,超声内镜的诊断准确率为93.8%。本组有12例行内镜下脂肪瘤切除术,22例行开腹手术（局部切除术及胃或肠部分切除吻合术）,手术过程顺利,未出现并发症。28例（82.4%）获1-168个月随访,1例胃底多发的脂肪肉瘤于术后2年死于肿瘤转移,其余27例均无复发或转移,存活至今。结论超声内镜是诊断胃肠道脂肪瘤的有效方法,手术是治疗胃肠道脂肪瘤的常规手段,内镜下切除胃肠道脂肪瘤可行。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗直肠类癌

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）治疗直肠类癌的应用价值。方法肠镜发现直肠黏膜下肿块后进行微探头超声检查，对诊断为类癌者应用头端弯曲的针形切开刀进行内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗：（1）黏膜下注射生理盐水抬高病灶，使病灶与肌层分离；（2）预切开病灶周围黏膜；（3）剥离病变下方黏膜下层结缔组织，完整切除病灶。结果5例直肠类癌患者，肿瘤直径0.4～1.2（平均1．1）cm，均成功完成ESD治疗。ESD手术时间（自黏膜下注射至完整剥离病变）20-45（平均35）min；术中创面少量出血，均经电凝、氩离子血浆凝固和止血夹成功止血。不需再次肠镜下止血。1例剥离深至肌层，出现皮下气肿，保守治疗好转。术后全部经病理确诊。基底和切缘未见病变累及。1个月后肠镜复查，创面基本愈合。结论ESD是治疗直肠类癌的新方法．以往需要外科手术切除的肿瘤通过ESD可以达到同样的治疗效果。