The temporal expression and localization of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) during the development of perio‐dontitis in an animal model

Liu L, Li C, Cai X, Xiang J, Cao Z, Dong W. The temporal expression and localization of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) during the development of periodontitis in an animal model. J Periodont Res 2010; 45: 541–549. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: We previously demonstrated extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) was associated with the matrix metalloproteinases production of human periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal expression and localization of EMMPRIN during ligature‐induced periodontitis in rats. Material and Methods: Periodontitis was inducd in rats by placing a thread around the cervix of the first mandibular molar. Animals were killed 3, 7, 11, 15 or 21 d after ligation. Mandibles were processed for paraffin sections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin or picrosirius red. The distance from the amelocemental junction to the alveolar crest (ACJ–AC) and the area fraction (Area%) of collagen fibers were measured. EMMPRIN was examined by immunohistochemistry and quantified by positive cell counting. Correlation analyses were then performed. Results: Histologically, alveolar bone was gradually destroyed from day 3 to 11 and then stabilized. Collagen fibers were slightly dissociated on day 3 and extensively broken on day 7. They were reconstructed from day 11 to 21. EMMPRIN was localized predominantly in infiltrating cells and adjacent fibroblasts in interdental gingiva. The number of EMMPRIN‐positive cells increased on day 3, peaked on day 7 and then gradually subsided from day 11 to 21. Statistically, there was a moderate positive correlation regarding the ACJ–AC distance (r = 0.552, p < 0.01) and a strong negative correlation with the Area% of collagen fibers (r = ?0.808, p < 0.01). In gingival epithelium, the immunoreactivity was extremely strong in basal layer cells and sulcular epithelial cells in health. It was greatly enhanced in the inflamed conditions on days 3 and 7. In the interradicular bone, EMMPRIN was localized in the osteoclasts on days 3 and 7, as well as in the osteoblasts from day 11 onwards. Conclusion: The expression and localization of EMMPRIN are temporally varied during the development of periodontitis. In addition, the inflammation‐dependent expression of EMMPRIN might be involved in alveolar bone resorption and collagen breakdown.     

MMPRIN通过调控MMP-2的表达参与乳腺癌恶性侵袭进程

摘要目的检测EMMPRIN（细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子）与MMP-2（细胞外基质金属蛋白酶2）的表达并探讨其在乳腺癌恶性侵袭中的作用。方法应用免疫组化二步法检测58例乳腺癌和26例乳腺增生病组织标本中EMMPRIN和MMP-2的表达,并分析其与乳腺癌恶性侵袭的关系。结果在乳腺癌组织中EMMPRIN及MMP-2的表达均高于乳腺增生组织,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。EMMPRIN与MMP-2的蛋白表达呈正相关（P〈0.05）。EMMPRIN阳性的乳腺癌间质细胞中MMP-2的表达量明显高于EMMPRIN阴性者（P〈0.05）。结论EMMPRIN可能通过诱导乳腺癌细胞及其间质细胞高表达MMP-2参与乳腺癌恶性侵袭进程。     

Immunohistochemical detection of MT1-MMP, RECK, and EMMPRIN in ameloblastic tumors

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the roles of matrix-degrading proteinase regulators in progression of odontogenic tumors, expression of membrane-bound matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) MT1-MMP, MMP inhibitor RECK and MMP inducer EMMPRIN was analyzed in ameloblastic tumors as well as in tooth germs. METHODS: Tissue specimens of 11 tooth germs, 40 ameloblastomas, and five malignant ameloblastic tumors were examined immunohistochemically with the use of antibodies against MT1-MMP, RECK, and EMMPRIN. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical reactivity for MT1-MMP, RECK and EMMPRIN was detected predominantly in odontogenic epithelial cells near the basement membrane in tooth germs and benign and malignant ameloblastic tumors. The level of immunoreactivity for MT1-MMP was slightly higher in benign and malignant ameloblastic tumors than in tooth germs. RECK expression was lower in ameloblastomas than in tooth germs. Follicular ameloblastomas showed significantly lower expression of RECK than plexiform ameloblastomas, and immunoreactivity for RECK in acanthomatous ameloblastomas was slightly lower than that in other cellular variants. CONCLUSION: Expression of MT1-MMP, RECK and EMMPRIN in tooth germs and ameloblastic tumors suggests that these normal and neoplastic epithelial components control MMP-dependent extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation during tooth development and tumor progression via epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.     

EMMPRIN-induced MMP-2 activation cascade in human cervical squamous cell carcinoma

Tumor progression and recurrence of cervical cancer is associated with upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2). We evaluated the location, origin and activity of MMP-2 in cervical squamous cell carcinomas in comparison with MT1-MMP (MMP-14), TIMP-2 and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN). Positive immunostaining for MMP-2 in malignant cells was detected in 83% of the patients. Two patterns of tumor cell MMP-2 staining were observed: either homogenous in all tumor cells or confined to the cells neighboring the stroma (tumor-border staining pattern, TBS). Fluorescence in situ zymography showed active MMP-2 mainly around tumor nodules displaying TBS. The MMP-2 staining of TBS tumors correlated significantly with the presence of TIMP-2 and MT1-MMP, proteins involved in docking MMP-2 to the cell surface and essential for MMP-2 activation. In situ mRNA hybridization in TBS tumors demonstrated more abundant presence of MMP-2 mRNA in neighboring myofibroblasts than in the adjacent tumor cells. Moreover, the TBS MMP-2 pattern correlated with the presence of EMMPRIN (p = 0.023), suggesting that tumor cells induce MMP-2 production in nearby stromal cells. This pro-MMP-2 could subsequently be activated on tumor cells via the presence of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2. The biological relevance of this locally activated MMP-2 was underscored by the observation that only the TBS pattern of MMP-2 significantly correlated with decreased survival. In conclusion, the colocalization of EMMPRIN, MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 in human cervical carcinomas seems to be involved in a specific distribution pattern of tumor cell bound MMP-2, which is related with local proteolytic activity and therefore might be associated with worse prognosis of the patients.     

Direct contact with bone marrow stromal cells promotes the invasions of SHI-1 leukemia cells

Background Interactions of tumor cells with the microenvironment were deemed to promote the tumor invasion and metastasis.CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase ind...     

CD147 subunit of lactate/H+ symporters MCT1 and hypoxia-inducible MCT4 is critical for energetics and growth of glycolytic tumors

Malignant tumors exhibit increased dependence on glycolysis, resulting in abundant export of lactic acid, a hypothesized key step in tumorigenesis. Lactic acid is mainly transported by two H(+)/lactate symporters, MCT1/MCT4, that require the ancillary protein CD147/Basigin for their functionality. First, we showed that blocking MCT1/2 in Ras-transformed fibroblasts with AR-C155858 suppressed lactate export, glycolysis, and tumor growth, whereas ectopic expression of MCT4 in these cells conferred resistance to MCT1/2 inhibition and reestablished tumorigenicty. A mutant-derivative, deficient in respiration (res(-)) and exclusively relying on glycolysis for energy, displayed low tumorigenicity. These res(-) cells could develop resistance to MCT1/2 inhibition and became highly tumorigenic by reactivating their endogenous mct4 gene, highlighting that MCT4, the hypoxia-inducible and tumor-associated lactate/H(+) symporter, drives tumorigenicity. Second, in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (LS174T), we showed that combined silencing of MCT1/MCT4 via inducible shRNA, or silencing of CD147/Basigin alone, significantly reduced glycolytic flux and tumor growth. However, both silencing approaches, which reduced tumor growth, displayed a low level of CD147/Basigin, a multifunctional protumoral protein. To gain insight into CD147/Basigin function, we designed experiments, via zinc finger nuclease-mediated mct4 and basigin knockouts, to uncouple MCTs from Basigin expression. Inhibition of MCT1 in MCT4-null, Basigin(high) cells suppressed tumor growth. Conversely, in Basigin-null cells, in which MCT activity had been maintained, tumorigenicity was not affected. Collectively, these findings highlight that the major protumoral action of CD147/Basigin is to control the energetics of glycolytic tumors via MCT1/MCT4 activity and that blocking lactic acid export provides an efficient anticancer strategy.     

中性粒细胞增强类风湿关节炎滑膜细胞产生基质金属蛋白酶及其细胞侵袭力

目的：研究中性粒细胞表面CD147分子对类风湿关节炎（RA）成纤维样滑膜细胞（FLS）产生基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）及细胞侵袭力的作用。方法：取自关节镜或骨科手术治疗的RA、骨关节炎（OA）患者的滑膜组织，体外分离培养FLS，通过流式细胞术（FCM）检测细胞表面分子及形态学方法鉴定。采用全反式维甲酸（ATRA）诱导HL-60细胞（人早幼粒白血病细胞株）诱导中性粒细胞分化，并用硝基蓝四氮唑（NBT）还原反应测定其分化程度。进而以FCM测定分化前后的HL-60细胞及FLS表面CD147的表达，并通过明胶酶谱和重组基质侵袭实验检测分化前后HL-60细胞对FLS MMP表达和细胞侵袭能力的作用以及CD147拮抗肽（AP-9）对这种MMP表达和细胞侵袭能力的抑制作用。结果：成功建立了FLS分离培养和HL-60细胞分化的实验体系。培养的FLS具有典型成纤维细胞的形态，均一的高度表达CD90（〉98％）而不表达CD14。分化后的HL-60细胞CD147表达上调，RAFLS细胞CD147表达水平低于分化前及分化后HL-60细胞（P〈0．05）。明胶酶谱试验显示：①与OAFLS相比，单培养的RAFLS表达较高水平的酶原及活化形式的MMP-2（P〈0．05）；②分化前／后的HL-60细胞分别与FLS共培养，酶原及活化形式的MMP-2和MMP-9的表达水平较这些细胞单独培养均显著升高（P〈0．05），且分化后的HL-60细胞与FLS共培养酶原及活化形式MMP-2表达水平较分化前HL-60细胞与FLS共培养明显升高（P〈0．05）；③AP-9显著抑制两共培养组中MMP-2和MMP-9的上调作用（P〈0．05）。侵袭实验显示：RAFLS侵袭能力高于OA FLS（P〈0．05）；分化前后的HL-60均可增加RAFLS的侵袭能力（P〈0．05），且分化后强于分化前（P〈0．05）；AP-9可抑制这一促进作用，降低FLS的侵袭能力（P〈0．05）。结论：中性粒细胞可能通过CD147促进RA患者滑膜FLS MMP-2、MMP-9的表达和活化，增强FLS的侵袭能力，这种促进作用可被CD147拈抗肽所抑制，将为RA关节软骨和骨损伤机制和治疗的进一步研究提供了重要的线索。     

子宫内膜异位症中EMMPRIN、MMP-2、TIMP-2的表达及相关性研究

[目的]探讨EMMPRIN、MMP-2、TIMP-2在子宫内膜异位症患者的异位和在位内膜组织中的表达及相关性。[方法]采用免疫组化二步法,分别检测36例子宫内膜异位症患者(研究组)的异位和在位内膜及20例子宫肌瘤患者(对照组)的子宫内膜组织EMM-PRIN、MMP-2、TIMP-2的表达。[结果]异位内膜中EMMPRIN、MMP-2的表达强度均高于在位内膜及对照内膜(P﹤0.05);异位内膜中的TIMP-2的表达强度均低于在位内膜及对照内膜(P﹤0.05)。EMMPRIN蛋白、MMP-2蛋白在Ⅲ-Ⅳ期中阳性表达率高于Ⅰ-Ⅱ期(P﹤0.05);TIMP-2蛋白在Ⅲ-Ⅳ期中阳性表达率低于Ⅰ-Ⅱ期(P﹤0.05)。对照正常内膜中,MMP-2和TIMP-2具有负相关性(P=0.045),EMMPRIN和MMP-2无明显的相关性;异位内膜中,EMMPRIN和MMP-2具有正相关性(P=0.009),MMP-2与TIMP-2之间表达虽有负相关关联(P=0.298),但一致性很差。[结论]EMMPRIN、MMP-2、TIMP-2共同参与了子宫内膜异位症的发生;MMP-2在异位内膜的高表达使异位内膜具有更高的侵袭性,在子宫内膜异位症的病程发展迸程中起着重要作用。