不同表面处理的种植入早期表面沉积物的分析研究

目的：比较两种不同表面处理的种植体在植入早期表面沉积物的差异及其骨组织反应。方法：将表面经双重酸-双氧水热处理和双重酸处理的种植体分别植入兔子胫骨内，然后，采用带能谱分析的扫描电镜观测2、4、8周带种植体的骨组织。结果：植入2周后在两组种植体表面均沉积富含钙磷层；4周时这层结构大部分消失，但双重酸-双氧水-热处理组可见较多的骨生成细胞附着在种植体表面并形成新骨。8周时两组种植体表面均附着一些新骨，但以双重酸-双氧水-热处理组相对较多。结论：两组种植体在植入早期表面均可形成富含钙磷层。     

Comparison of lifestyle behaviors and related factors between Asian American and white adults with prediabetes

This study compares lifestyle behaviors and related factors between Asian American and white adults with self‐reported prediabetes and identifies covariates/predictors for regular physical activity and adequate intake of fruits/vegetables. Using data from the United States of America Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 302 Asian Americans and 9558 white adults were analyzed. There were no significant differences for participating in regular physical activity or consumption of adequate fruits/vegetables between the two groups. Overall, 40% of the respondents engaged in regular physical activity, whereas less than 25% reported an adequate intake of fruits/vegetables. In the adjusted models, compared to white, Asian Americans were less likely to have impaired physical (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.36 0.80) or mental health (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.61), or cardiovascular diseases (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.87). The covariates/predictors that relate to the behaviors differed between the groups. We conclude that interventions to increase physical activity and healthy eating for Asian American and white adults with prediabetes should address the different covariates/predictors for each group.     

Effect of professional flossing with NaF or SnF2 gel on approximal caries in 13-16-year-old schoolchildren

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of professional flossing with NaF and SnF₂ gels on caries development on approximal tooth surfaces. Two-hundred-and-eighty 13-year-old schoolchildren were divided into 3 groups: (1) NaF (n = 97), (2) SnF₂ (n = 85), and (3) placebo gel group (n = 98). The investigation was carried out double-blind. The children were treated 4 times a year for 3 years with 1% NaF gel, 1% SnF₂ gel, or placebo gel. The treatment was carried out by dental nurses and the time required per visit was approximately 10 min. After 3 years, the mean approximal caries increment, including initial caries lesions, was 2.8 in the NaF, 2.4 in the SnF₂, and 4.0 in the placebo gel group (P < 0.05 for SnF₂ vs placebo); a reduction compared to the placebo of 30% and 39% in the NaF and SnF₂ groups, respectively. Thus, professional flossing with NaF or SnF₂ gel carried out 4 times a year may be considered as an interesting caries-preventing method for large-scale application in schoolchildren.     

Contextual risk and parental attributions of children's behavior as factors that influence the acceptability of empirically supported treatments

This study examined the acceptability of several empirically supported treatments (child social skills training, parent training and medication) within a sample of low-income African American mothers of a preschooler exhibiting significant disruptive behavior. Contextual risk and causal and responsibility attributions were predicted to be associated with treatment acceptability. Eighty-seven participants completed an attributional-style measure of child misbehavior and considered hypothetically the acceptability of several empirically supported treatments. Social skills and parent training were highly accepted, while medication was not. Greater causal attributions (child's behavior viewed as global, stable and due to something within the child) were associated with higher acceptability of social skills training. The relationship between attributions and medication was moderated by risk. In the context of high risk, lower causal attributions were associated with higher acceptability of medication whereas in the context of low risk, lower causal attributions were associated with lower acceptability of medication. In contrast, in the context of high risk, higher responsibility attributions (child's behavior viewed as purposeful, selfish and deserving of blame) were associated with greater acceptability of medication, while in the context of low risk, higher responsibility attributions were associated with lower acceptability of medication. Implications for future research and the implementation of empirically supported treatments within communities of color and those with economic disadvantage are discussed.     

Avoidance of dental visits: the predictive validity of three dental anxiety scales

The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) and two modified versions of it (MDAS; MDAS/4). A questionnaire was mailed to a simple random sample of 1,190 25-year-old residents in the west of Norway in 1997. Half the sample received DAS, the other half MDAS. The response rate after one reminder was 62%. The respondents completed the scales, gave demographic particulars and answered one question about dental visiting habits during the last 5 years plus an open-ended question about reasons for nonattendance. Using the answers to the latter question as validating criterion, it was found that, for all scales, sensitivity decreased while specificity improved when changing from a liberal to a stringent cut-off point. The scales gave low positive predictive values (≤0.26), but high negative predictive values (≥0.98). Since DAS and MDAS/4 gave almost identical findings, the two samples were combined. At a cut-off point ≥13 sensitivity was 0.83, specificity 0.84, positive predictive value 0.18 and negative predictive value 0.99. The corresponding estimates when the cut-off point was ≥15 were 0.67, 0.90, 0.22 and 0.98. It is concluded that, in this test, DAS and the two versions of MDAS gave acceptable, or near acceptable sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive values, but far too low positive predictive values to be useful for prediction at the individual level.     

Association of long-duration breastfeeding and dental caries estimated with marginal structural models

PurposeTo estimate the association between breastfeeding 24 months or beyond and severe early childhood caries (S-ECC).MethodsWithin a birth cohort (n = 715) from low-income families in Porto Alegre, Brazil, the age 38-month prevalence of S-ECC (≥4 affected tooth surfaces or ≥1 affected maxillary anterior teeth) was compared over breastfeeding duration categories using marginal structural models to account for time-dependent confounding by other feeding habits and child growth. Additional analyses assessed whether daily breastfeeding frequency modified the association of breastfeeding duration and S-ECC. Multiple imputation and censoring weights were used to address incomplete covariate information and missing outcomes, respectively. Confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using bootstrap resampling.ResultsBreastfeeding 24 months or beyond was associated with the highest adjusted population-average S-ECC prevalence (0.45; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.54) compared with breastfeeding less than 6 months (0.22; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.28), 6–11 months (0.38; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.53), or 12–23 months (0.39; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.56). High-frequency breastfeeding enhanced the association between long-duration breastfeeding and caries (excess prevalence due to interaction: 0.13; 80% CI, −0.03 to 0.30).ConclusionsIn this population, breastfeeding 24 months or beyond, particularly if frequent, was associated with S-ECC. Dental health should be one consideration, among many, in evaluating health outcomes associated with breastfeeding 24 months or beyond.